葛洪肘後方之針灸思想初探

Study on the Acupunctural Medical Thoughts of “GE Hong”

葛洪《肘後備急方》，又稱《肘後方》，因2015年屠呦呦由該書靈感獲取青蒿素，而得諾貝爾生理醫學獎，世人再次注意到傳統醫藥資料庫的實用性。葛洪一生重要著述為《肘後方》與《抱朴子》。《肘後方》為東晉時期作品，而後有梁代陶弘景增補、唐人增修、金代楊用道附廣於1144年刊行，全書共八卷、七十三篇。今《肘後方》所載針灸資料共一般以為共109條，實際上，本研究者通算傳世本《肘後方》全書八卷，應為95條灸方、6條針方，共101條針灸處方，《肘後方》為研究兩晉南北朝針灸學術發展提供不少資訊，其與《靈樞》、《黃帝三部針經》正典醫經體系迥異。葛洪提倡灸法，取穴主張「灸言分寸，不名孔穴」，重視「灸療」及「穴區」；鑒於腧穴名稱繁雜，對普羅大眾應用上不便利，故言「穴用」而「不重穴名」，強調實用方便為先。《肘後方》針灸治療重視督脈以及四末穴位，使用大量的隔物灸，還有重視灸與藥並施，一切以日常生活便利應用為主。葛洪利用人體表面解剖標誌定位、同身寸法、骨度折量，並透過辨別體表病理性改變來定位腧穴度量，此些方式，幾乎涵蓋了現今常用的取穴法。又《肘後方》對內踝尖上三寸之三陰交穴提出主治「手足逆冷」，經反覆驗證，臨床上屢收良效，或可對今腧穴治療學教材作補充。

The TCM literature can be seen as part of a textual tradition which guides clinical practice, while other excavated archaeological texts have no relevance, and therefore can be relegated to archival literature. GE, Hong(Chinese：葛洪), a well-known physician for his interest in alchemy, taoism, and techniques of longevity. His famous medical book is Zhou-Hou-Fang. This GE's book title is usually translated as Handy Therapies for Emergencies. This book has never been translated into English. There are lots of medical texts contain many knowledge in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) field. This book is one of them. Dr. Tu You- You won the 2015 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, she was inspired by Zhou-Hou-Fang. However, there are also lots of acupunctural contents that people neglected. This paper aims to find the value in acupuncture of the book. The eight volume book Zhou-Hou-Fang contains the main medical thoughts of GE. There are 95 articles of moxibustion(95條灸方) and 6 articles of acupuncture(6條針方). GE thought that moxibustion treatment method is much more convenient than acupuncture. Besides, he used an area of section in human body instead of acupuncture points to locate the treatment point. His concept is trying to find the easy way for everyone. He paid attentions on acupuncture point area (not precise acu-point) in four extremities of body, for letting people use trying acupuncture & moxibustion easily. Furthermore, GE gave up Five Elements theory(五行理論) and Bowel-and-Visceral theory(臟腑理論). He only emphasized the utility of acu-points rather than theoretical explanation in acupunctural field. Acupuncture is a commonly used treatment method in clinical use. It is the stimulation of acu-points involving penetration with thin mental needles and their subsequent manipulation. We can find many characteristics of acupuncture in classical TCM literature.