由永續發展概念到生活品質內涵的檢視－－台灣EKC 的再驗證與SKC 的呈現

Empirical Examination for the Concept of Sustainable Development and Quality of Life: EKC Revisit and SKC Disclosure for Taiwan

本研究之目的是由一些代表生活品質內涵的指標變數，挑選並歸納吻合永續發展概念的經濟、社會與環境層面的指標，以Levett (1998)所認定的三環圈（Three-Ring Circus）的互動關係及俄羅斯娃娃（Russian DollModel）的套疊關係，驗證23 個台灣縣市在1994 年至2003 年之間，所得水準與環境面向與社會面向之生活品質關係。依此，再次驗證台灣代表環境與所得關係的環境顧茲耐曲線（environmental Kuznets curve），同時更是文獻上首次估計代表社會與所得關係的社會顧茲耐曲線（social Kuznetscurve）。實證結果顯示環境面綜合生活品質指標與所得呈現局部U 字型的關係，而社會面綜合生活品質指標與所得的關係亦呈現U 字型的關係，由此間接推斷在認定社會面、環境面及所得為三環圈的互動關係下，以2003年各縣市的平均249,000 元之每人每年可支配所得水準而言，我們目前尚處在犧牲社會面綜合生活品質水準以換取環境面綜合生活品質水準的階段。反之，在認定所得水準、環境品質與社會面向的生活品質如「俄羅斯娃娃」的套疊關係下，結果顯示結合106%之所得增加及社會面向之綜合生活品質的提升，只換取大約25%之環境面向之綜合生活品質的改善，亦即在可觀察之每人每年可支配所得水準的變動範圍內，結合以貨幣值表示的社會面綜合生活品質指標，我們每付出1%的社會與經濟面代價，只能換取0.23%環境面綜合生活品質的改善。依此可以結論，支撐人類為生最基本的環境系統一旦遭到破壞，所得及社會層面勢必付出更大的代價進行修復。

The purpose of this study is to select various indicators that areconsistent with the idea of economy, society, and environment under theconcept of sustainable development. The “Russian Doll” Model and“three-ring circus” model that are proposed by Levett (1998) to describethe interrelationship among economy, society, and environment will beexamined. The evidence will be demonstrated for the sustainabledevelopment experience for 23 counties of Taiwan in 1994-2003. Thereare four and ten sub-indicators are chosen respectively to represent theenvironmental and social dimension of quality of life. A hedonic priceapproach is used to construct an aggregate environmental quality of lifeindex from four sub-indicators and an aggregate social quality of lifeindex from ten sub-indicators.The results have shown that the relationship between aggregateenvironmental quality of life index reveals a partial U-shaped and theturning point occurs at 215,000 NT dollars per person annually, i.e. anenvironmental Kuznets curve relation retains. And the relationshipbetween aggregate social quality of life index and income also exhibit U- shaped and the turning point occurs at 275,000 NT dollars per personannually, i.e. a social Kuznets curve relation is discovered. With theworld view of “three-ring circus,” relationship among environment, social,and income, the newest average income level for 23 counties in 2003 is249,000 NT dollars that is higher than that from the environmentalprotection viewpoint and lower than that from reaching the ideal level ofsocial quality of life perspective.The results evidence that under the world view of “Russian Doll”Model with 106% increasing in income and aggregate social quality of lifeindex, only 25% improvement in aggregate environmental quality of lifeindex will be resulted. That is, in the observable income level, every 1%increase in the social dimensional quality of life and income will beexchanged for only 0.23% improvement in the environmental dimensionalquality of life. This implied that once the environment is deteriorated thesociety has to pay much higher cost for the recovery of this life-supportsystem.