試論《二年律令》中的「二年」──從秦代官府年度律令校讎的制度出發

From the system of annual laws calibrate in Ch’in Dynasty to discuss the meaning of the “second year” within “The second year laws” in early Han Dynasty

對於《二年律令》中的「二年」所指為何的問題，以前多集中在討論到底是漢王二年、惠帝二年或是呂后二年，即使大部份的學者主張是呂后二年，但對於出現以年度為標題的原因，似乎只能從其中的〈曆譜〉尋找答案。《二年律令》的標題除了表示包含「律」與「令」這兩種法律形式外，更重要的是「二年」這兩個字，因「二年」表示出來的重點是時間性，可是為何當時要用年度來標示這份律令呢？本文試圖提出一種可能的解釋來說明這個問題，希望對這個議題的理解有所幫助。本文認為以《二年律令》作為標題簡，應與漢初施行的年度律令校讎有關，當時的律令校讎中有一種情況是中央與地方必須每個年度固定進行該年度的律令校讎，目的是確保律令的正確與完整性。隨著二四七號漢墓下葬的《二年律令》，應該是墓主的家人或請人抄寫的，但抄寫時並非隨意挑選與墓主生前職務有關的律令，而是以呂后二年的施行律令為底本進行抄寫。墓主生前或許就是江陵縣的基層官吏，因此在下葬前抄寫者找來當年度的施行律令，這份律令依規定是進行過年度校讎的，所以除了抄寫時還有些節錄、訛誤、抄漏等現象外，或許它的正確性是可以獲得更高程度的期待。

The early studied about“The second year laws”focused on the“second year”means the Han Emperor, the Hue Emperor or the Empress Lu? Although most scholars considered the“second year”refers to the Empress Lu, but why put the year before the law? The answer is in the Calendar List. The subtitle of“The second year laws”include two forms of laws. Most important of all are the words the“second year”, which means the time. Why they used the time lined in front of the law? The theses try to give a reasonable explanation. This article argues that“The second year laws”as a title related to the law calibrated which applied in the beginning of Han. There was a situation that the local officials must go to the central government to calibrate the laws every year to made sure the correctness and completeness of the laws.“The second year laws”in the Tomb N.o.274, could be the family scripture or asked someone to script. But the script was not picking by random, it was basically on the laws which implement on Empress Lu era. The tomb owner could be the official of the Jialing County, so the copyist found the laws of the certain year before the family buried the tomb owner. For the provision that the laws must be calibrated back to the central government, the Supervisor, though it had excerpts while in the script, but we can give highly expectation the correctness of the laws.