唐明律「輕其輕罪、重其重罪」再辨析

The analysis of “Zhongqizhongzui, Qingqiqingzui”in the Tangming Law

「輕其輕罪、重其重罪」是清代孫星衍于嘉慶十三年撰寫《重刻故唐律疏議序》時提出的命題，比通常認為由薛允升最早提出的觀點早了八十餘年。該命題整體上具有正確性：無論在事項差異上，還是在犯罪客體、犯罪主體上，明律較之于唐律均存在輕其輕罪、重其重罪的傾向。從唐律到明律的這一變化絕非一日之功，而是在數百年的歷史發展中逐漸形成的，我們能夠梳理出其中相當一部分法律規則的發展變遷脈絡。但該命題又存在局限性，舉凡親屬尊卑關係的厘定、復仇、危害皇權行為、鹽法等方面，均出現與該命題相悖的情形。唐明律出現「輕其輕罪、重其重罪」的原因主要有以下四點：朱元璋的人生經歷；明初政治經濟的現狀；中唐以來政治經濟制度的變遷；少數民族文化對漢族文明的衝擊，等等。這一法律思想與當今「輕輕重重」、「兩極化」、「寬嚴相濟」的刑事政策的出現及其發展有著異曲同工之妙，是傳統中國為當今世界刑事政策與刑事立法走向提供重要歷史借鑒的寶庫，值得後人銘記。

“Zhongqizhongzui, Qingqiqingzui” was proposed Sun Xingyan (Qing Dynasty) when he wrote “reprint of the prologue of the law of Tang”. It is believed that 80 years before Xue Yunsheng, who was commonly thought to be the first one to raise this idea. This proposition is correct in an all point view. However, in some aspects, such as family salt, and the power of the emperor, it is different from this tendency. From Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the law has evolved with the character for many reasons: Zhu Yuanzhang’s experience; the economic situation of Ming Dynasty; the change of economic and political is in coherent with many criminal policies of our time, which can be viewed as a great treasure from ancient China for the criminal policies and legalization today.