對哈伯瑪斯「人道干預」與「普世價值」思想之釐清

An Investigation on the ＂Humanitarian Intervention＂ and the ＂Universal Value＂ of Habermas

今日世界正深陷於難民潮及恐怖攻擊的困境之中，既令舉世惶惶不可終日、更令西方國家心力交悴！歸根究底，這些浩劫，皆肇因於人類尚未能以平等相待、理性溝通之方式、和平地解決問題。因此若能將國際之互動，改造為遵循平等溝通之規則，則世界之格局將全然改觀。哈伯瑪斯畢生之倡議，正是平等之溝通。本文介紹其理念，並藉由他的國際人道干預思想，闡述他企圖將全世界之互動規則改為平等溝通的計畫。哈伯瑪斯主張：為了防止國家內部對人權的侵犯、及有效解決全球化時代的問題，國際組織應具有更強的執行能力。而以普世平等溝通的方式獲得決定，可以增加決定的正當性、則有利於其被順利執行；依照哈伯瑪斯的「審議政治」學說，這種溝通應首先發生於全球「公共領域」，而後發生於全球性的官方機構。

In the meantime the whole world falls into the predicament caused by the refugees and terrorism that have not only terrorized the human beings but also plagued the western countries. This annoying situation should result from the fact that even until today many of the human beings still will not treat each other equally and discuss rationally, therefore, a peaceful solution of problems among them has remained impossible. If all people could be persuaded to follow the rule of equal communication, the constellation of the world would change thoroughly. What Habermas has struggled for many decades is just the realization of an equal communication. This paper will illustrate this idea of him by means of his comments on the subject ＂humanitarian intervention＂. Habermas means — in order to prevent the violation of the human rights committed by sovereign countries and solve the problems caused by the globalization — international organizations should improve their ability of enforcement. Any decision based on the universal equal communication will doubtlessly enhance its legitimacy and thereby contribute to its smooth execution. This kind of communication, in Habermas's opinion, should take place first in the global ＂public sphere＂ and then in the official institutions of the global nature.