贛南客家話內部的語音差異及相關問題

The Phonological Diversity in Gannan Hakka Dialect and Related Issues

本文在較為深入的田野調查基礎上，首先比較贛南客家話內部的語音差異，並歸納區分標準；其次從自然地理、行政區劃、歷史移民的角度，分析贛南客家話內部差異的成因；最後結合現實語音聯繫和歷史背景材料，探討贛南客家話與周邊方言的關係，為進一步確認粵北雄州片、韶州片土話和粵中東江中上游本地話的客家話系屬提供依據。本文研究表明：從語音特徵來看，贛南客家話的內部差異主要表現為新、老客家話的差異。贛南的老客家話與粵北的老客家話、東江中上游的本地話存在諸多相似之處；贛南的新客家話則與閩西、粵東的客家話極為一致。相對於新客家話而言，老客家話與同處一省的贛語存在更多相似之處。從歷史移民來看，贛南老客家話、粵北老客家話和東江中上游本地話同屬「西線」客家話，贛南新客家話、閩西和粵東客家話同屬「東線」客家話。東、西線客家話最大的差異即是濁上白讀層是否為陰平，而這種差異可能在客家話形成之初就已經產生。

Based on sufficient fieldwork and recent materials, a comprehensive comparison of the phonological features of Hakka dialect across Gannan is firstly made to dis cuss the internal diversity. Secondly, the reason of internal diversity of Gannan Hakka is analyzed from three points of views: physical geography, administrative division, and historical immigration. Finally, combining with phonological identities and historical background, the relationship between Gannan Hakka and surrounding dialects is discussed, providing further basis for the Hakka ownership of Yuebei (north Guangdong) Tuhua and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin. It is shown that the internal difference of Gannan Hakka could mainly be the difference between New Hakka and Old Hakka from the perspective of phonology. There are a slew of similarities between Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin, while New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka are extremely coherent. Relatively speaking, Old Hakka and Gan dialect in the same province are much more identical. Viewing on the history of immigration, Old Hakka in Gannan and Yuebei, and Bendihua in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang Basin can be regarded as “West Line” Hakka. Correspondently, New Hakka in Gannan and Minxi Hakka, Yuedong Hakka can be regarded as “East Line” Hakka. The biggest difference between “West Line” and “East Line” Hakka, which probably originated at the beginning of the formation of Hakka dialect, is that MC zhuoshang（濁上）currently shifts to Yinping（陽平）whether or not.