美國強大的後援力量──軍事司法系統

The Military Justice System-Support behind the Strong United States

美國憲法申明建立邦聯國家的主要動機，係為建立共同的國防。參照美國憲法第一章第八節以下列舉的十八項權力中，有關軍事與外交政策占了三分之一。美國開國先賢明白，建構一個能夠保衛國家的政府相當重要，又本於承認武裝部隊的獨特性和任務，遂透過美國憲法授權國會制定管理陸海軍的規則辦法；並為使軍方能執行聯邦法律、鎮壓叛亂和擊退入侵，國會須提供建立募兵的組織、裝備和鍛鍊，從而築造一個獨立的軍事司法系統，負責監督解決各式軍種違犯紀律和刑事案件，並同時確保每位士兵的個人權利。揆諸美國民主法治躍進之發展史，國家安全和利益是領導人最切要考量，又透過軍事審判作為治軍工具不可或缺，本文爰深入分析並引介美國最高法院確立「軍人受軍事審判」原則判例，冀供我未來軍事司法改革意見之參考。

According to the U.S. Constitution, a primary motivation in founding the United States was to provide for the common defense. One-third of the 18 enumerated powers in Article ISec tion 8 of the U.S. Constitution deal with military and foreign policy matters. In constructing a new national government, the Founders understood the importance of establishing a government that could properly defend the country. Through the constitution, it grants Congress the power to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces, and by recognizing the unique nature and mission of the armed forces, to establish a separate system of justice for resolving undisciplined and criminal matters in the military of all kinds, as well as to fully protect the individual rights of every soldier. In reviewing the American's leap forward development of democracy and the rule of law, national security and interests are the most concern of leaders, and military trials as an indispensable tool for maintaining order and discipline; this paper, thus, introduces the U.S. Supreme Court's decision of soldiers to be tried by courts-martial, as a reference providing for military justice reform in the future.