從形式上的前後文到認知模型：以偏重語境的角度看台灣總統演說稿的隱喻詮釋

From Textual Prompts to Cognitive Models: A Context-oriented Perspective on Metaphor Interpretation in Taiwanese Presidential Speeches

本研究以台灣總統演講的實際語料為例，強調語境在隱喻詮釋中的重要性。在本文中的語境定義為形式上的前後文及知識層面。本質性研究深入的探討兩組隱喻：第一組隱喻涉及「門檻」一詞，「門檻」可以被理解為是一個容器的一部分，或者是在一段移動路徑中行動者所遭遇到的障礙。第二組隱喻涉及國家的概念，國家可在不同語境裡被理解為一艘船、一棵樹、或是一個人。本文建議，在實際語料或溝通中的隱喻理解涉及下列的元素：目標詞彙和其形式上的前後文會一起引發出各種資訊。這些資訊會依照認知模型組織起來，而受話者對隱喻的較完整的理解應是建構在此依認知模型所組織起來的知識之上的。本文的貢獻至少有兩方面：提供了「語境」詳細的定義之後，深入解釋了語境如何影響意義與概念化。本文另一方面也從語用的角度嘗試提出一個偏重語境的隱喻理解模型。

The present research adopts a context-based approach to metaphor interpretation in Taiwanese presidential speeches by detailing the notion of context to include linguistic context and stored knowledge. Two specific sets of metaphors will be investigated as examples in this qualitative study: The metaphorical use of menkan ‘threshold’ can be understood either as a part of a wall of a CONTAINER or as an obstacle in a JOURNEY. The second set of instances involves a country profiled as a SHIP, a TREE, or a PERSON, depending on context. It will be argued that metaphor comprehension in discourse encompasses the following segments: Linguistic context prompts pieces of information that embeds the target lexical item. These pieces of information are organized according to the cognitive models, based on which a global understanding of metaphors is possible. The contribution of the present study is at least two-fold: It delineates the nuts-and-bolts of how context, given appropriate details, is capable of constraining construals. The study further proposes a context-oriented model of metaphor interpretation trying to call for due attention to pragmatics.