唐宋詞單字領字研究

A Study of Leading Words in the Lyrics of Tang and Song Dynasties

「領字」是詞體的特殊用語方式，在同屬韻文的詩、曲、賦三種文體中，曲的「襯字」曾被研究者與「領字」混為一談，但事實上二者不同。領字的研究在南宋時即已被提出，但歷來的研究不多，而且歷來研究或只針對單一作者的作品，或只是片面的提出幾種現象，還沒有人以「唐宋詞」為範圍作全面的研究。正因為已有的研究都是片面的，因此對於領字的起源、名稱、定義、字數、位置、所領句式、聲調、詞類、所使用的詞體、功能與作用、語法、常用詞等等問題各有不同的見解。那些詞牌，在那些位置需使用「領字」，應屬於詞的格律問題；但是，除了龍榆生（龍沐勛）的《唐宋詞格律》就其所整理的198種常用詞譜標出領字位置之外，其餘詞譜均未標示。前人只以少數資料進行領字研究，是因涉及龐大的資料數量統計分析，人力難以勝任。本研究引用電腦作為輔助工具，以「唐宋詞」為範圍，建立詞作及詞譜電子檔，將「唐宋詞」全部詞作依詞牌排序，逐一查檢每一闋詞的格律，同一詞牌之多數詞作同一位置均使用領字時，即可認定該闋詞之該位置須使用領字，並據以在該詞牌之詞譜標記領字之格律。再依此含有領字格律標記之詞譜，標記「唐宋詞」所有領字資料的位置、用字，以電腦開發自動化工具，標記、統計、以之分析其起源、位置、用字、句式、聲調及所使用的詞體等，並嘗試從中探討領字與音樂的相關性，希望以「唐宋詞」文本為範圍的研究，能為詞體領字研究得出較明確的定論，詞類及語法牽涉語意的問題，限於篇幅，日後另為文討論。

“Leading words” refer to the specific usage of words in Lyrics. In the forms of the verses of Poetry, Song, and Exposition, “filler word” has been confused with “leading word”, but the two in fact differ. Some studies of leading words had already appeared during the Southern Song Dynasty. However, in the literature such studies are few in number, and they had a particular focus on the works of an individual writer or on a few particular facts in fragments. There were few holistic studies of the “Tang and Song Lyrics”. As previous studies were fragmentary in coverage, there are diverse statements of issues such as the origin, name, definition, word number, position, verse pattern, tone, word category, form, function and effect, grammar, and frequency of leading words. The position of leading words in verses pertains to the meter issue of Lyrics. However, except for the “Tang Song Ci Gelü [The Meter for Lyrics of the Tang and Song Dynasties]” written by Long Yusheng, which collated 198 kinds of frequently used Lyric tunes and marked the position of the leading words, the other collection of Lyric tunes had no such markings. Previous researchers worked with little data for leading-word studies because statistical analysis of large quantities of data was difficult to do manually. In this study, a computer was used to build electronic files for works and Lyric tunes of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The entire works were sorted by Lyric tunes. When most Lyric tunes showed the same position for using a leading word, it was determined that the position of that Lyric tune required a leading word. Then on the basis of the marked Lyric tunes, all words occurring in that position in the lyrics of the same tune were marked as leading words. All the Lyrics of the Tang and Song Dynasties were so marked and then processed automatically by computer. Statistics for analyzing the origin, position, wordage, sentence pattern, tone and form were obtained. Meanwhile, the correlation between leading words and music was explored for finding a clear and definite statement of leading words in Lyric on the basis of the Lyrics of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Owing to time constraint, issues like word category and syntax will be discussed elsewhere.