漢語方向補語的語法化現象

Grammaticalization of Directional Complements in Mandarin Chinese

本文旨在探討漢語裡語法化補語和一般補語在句法上的不同。針對「上」「下」「起」「出」這四個方向補語我們檢視方向補語的語法化現象，Talmy (1988, 2000) 所提出的意象圖示和Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991) 的語法結構理論是本文的理論基礎。研究結果顯示方向補語的語法化現象可以用「空間上的移動 ⇒ 空間 → 非特定空間 → 時間 → 狀態」的演進規則來表示，這個規則大致上和Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer 於1991 年所提出的語法結構理論裡的規則相符合，不過漢語又突顯出「空間 → 非特定空間」這個演進的步驟，這是Heine 等人研究的語料中所未顯示的，也是漢語方向補語的特點。

This study examines the syntactical differences between grammaticalized complements and general complements in Mandarin Chinese. Focusing on four directional complements─shang 上 (up), xia 下 (down), qi 起 (rise), and chu 出 (out)─we investigate the grammaticalization of these directional complements in light of image schemata (Talmy 1988, 2000) and aims to review Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer’s (1991) proposal of grammatical structure. The result shows that the grammaticalization of directional complements can be written as space movement ⇒ space → non-specific space → time → status, which is generally in accordance with the grammatical structure proposed by Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991). However, the additional step of space → non-specific space can be observed in the directional complements of modern Chinese.