喉塞音在粵北土話小稱詞演變中的角色

The Role of the Glottal Stop in Diminutives: An OT Perspective

本文以優選理論來探討喉塞音在粵北土話小稱詞演變中的角色。首先，我們將粵北土話中的喉塞音類型做歸類整理，將之分為中塞、後塞，及無塞等三種。然後，基於優選理論「各種喉塞音的類型都是由於同一組制約的不同層次排列」之假設，我們認為中塞型方言的制約排列為MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L/R), SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, LINEARITY-BD >> IDENTITY-BD[F], CONTIGUITY-BD, DEP-BD，而後塞型的排列為MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> ANCHOR-BD(R), DEP-BD。至於無塞音型的方言，則由於ANCHOR-BD(L/R), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, DEP-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> MAX-IO 之排列。因此，粵北方言中各種喉塞音的類型，最主要的是MAX-IO（輸入及輸出必須相同），如果這個制約排在高層次，我們有了喉塞音；如果排在低層次，則沒有喉塞音。

In this article, we first sort out the glottal stop patterns in the YBTH diminutives, namely, middle-GSI, final-GSI, and no-GSI (GSI = glottal stop insertion). After further analysis, those varieties in appearance come out essentially with different rankings of the same set of phonological constraints. In the middle-GSI type of dialects, the related phonological constraints work in the ranking order of MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L/R), SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, LINEARITY-BD >> IDENTITY-BD[F], CONTIGUITY-BD, DEP-BD, while in the final-GSI dialects, the order is MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> ANCHOR-BD(R), DEP-BD. The no-GSI type of dialects are unique in that the order of the constraint is ANCHOR-BD(L/R), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, DEP-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> MAX-IO, which places the MAX-IO in the lowest ranking. It is obvious that MAX-IO, as a constraint of the Faithfulness family, plays a central role for the presence or absence of the glottal stop. When MAX-IO is ranked high, the glottal stop shows up. When it is low, there is no glottal stop.