客語「死」形態句法及語意的改變：多層次的分析

Morphosyntactic and Semantic Changes of Hakka si2: A Multi-level Analysis

本研究從語言、溝通及認知三個層次分析客語「死」字的詞類轉換及語意延伸。首先，「死」經由「重新分析」的過程，從動詞改變成形容詞，再改變為強調副詞，為了情感表達程度的提昇，「死」的語意經由「隱喻」及「轉喻」而擴張，特別是與「死亡」的概念關聯的意義藉由語用而強化。其次，「死」的句法及語意的改變是基於語言使用者「主觀化」及「溝通上的效率性」。最後，本文也剖析語言使用者使用「死」的認知過程及概念結構，認為是說話者為了解決「認知失調」的心理而採取的語言手段，同時本文也建議應用本分析於其他誇張語詞的可能性。

This study provides an analysis of the categorical shift and semantic extension of Hakka si2 from three perspectives. First, the morphosyntactic shift from verb to adjective and to intensifying adverb may be understood as a process of reanalysis whereby there is an increase in the degree of expressiveness with the semantic extension being both metaphorically and metonymically motivated, and in particular, metonymic associations of the concept of death are pragmatically strengthened in the later usage. Second, the change is argued to be motivated both by subjectification and by the requirements of efficiency in communication. Finally, there is a discussion of the structure of the conceptual links and the related cognitive processes which may account for the use by the speaker of the grammatical forms of si2 described in this analysis. It is hoped that this study will thus further suggest the motivation of such a linguistic activity with reference to the resolution of cognitive dissonance and to apply this present analysis to other hyperbolic expressions.