指示詞和台灣南島語的限定詞組結構

Demonstratives and DP Structure in Formosan Languages

本文的主旨是研究台灣南島語中的指示詞、屬格名詞和數詞的語言類型，進而分析排灣語的指示詞組的名詞組結構。所探討的主要議題有四：台灣南島語中 (A) 名詞組中的詞序變化是否都能為 Kayne (1994) 的「抗對稱性」條件所詮釋，(B) 指示詞、屬格名詞和數詞是否都得分析為由名詞轉變而來的動詞，(C) 名詞組中的修飾語是否都得分析為關係子句，以及 (D) 指示詞的語意屬性是否都是定指。有鑑於排灣語中的四種語言事實，這上述四個議題的答案似乎都是否定的：(A) 指示詞、屬格名詞和數詞的形式和分布並沒有一致，(B) 述語成分仍具有名詞性，(C)「屬性修飾」和「述語修飾」有句法上的區分，以及 (D) 指涉屬性有格位上的區分。

This paper studies the noun phrase structure of Paiwan demonstratives by examining in detail the typology of demonstratives, possessives and numerals in Formosan languages. Four main issues are addressed: in Formosan languages (A) whether the word order variation in nominals may be best accounted for along the lines of the antisymmetry condition in Kayne (1994); (B) whether demonstratives, possessives and numerals all need to be categorized as (denominal) verbs; (C) whether all types of nominal modification involve relative clauses; and (D) whether demonstratives are always definite in reference. The answer to these four questions seems to be all negative in view of the Paiwan observations that (A) the form and distribution of these three types of elements may not agree with one another; (B) the predicative elements may be nominal in nature; (C) attributive modification and predicative modification may be syntactically distinguished among modifiers; and (D) the referential properties of demonstratives may be grammatically marked.