客語源起南方的語言論證

Origin of the Hakka Language

為了證明客家話不是中原南下漢人的語言，而是本來就住在南方的彝瑤畬語，經漢化後吸收北方話成分所形成的。先從客家諺語「逢山必有客，逢客必住山。」指出客家是山的民族。再從語言上證明彝、畬、客語之間有密切關聯。而且從文字起源、出土文物、風俗習性說明漢語源自南方，而客語就是保留許多古代特質的南方語言。如：客語N＋A 的語序與北方漢語A＋N 相反，是保留南方漢語詞序的現象。你我他的領格變化用「聲調交替」方式，與彝語、瑤語、畬語一樣，仍保有自己南方祖語的語法規律。另外客家話承襲了南方的傳統，有豐富的AAe 結構，北方話雖然也有這種結構，卻是後來吸收南方的用法所形成的。客語名詞尾 -ma11，與彝、瑤、畬相同，可當修飾語「大」看待，也代表雌性，依此可以看出客語是源自南方。次濁上部分唸陰平：是客家話底層的保留，與南方畬語語言特色一樣，可見客語口語層原屬南方畬、彝語。客語唇齒音 f-、v- 發達，是因為祖語如彝語等有豐富的聲化韻 -v 所造成。全濁上聲文白兩讀，文讀唸去聲，口語唸陰平，因為客家話是源於畬語，後來學北方書面語以後，才加入全濁上唸去聲的語詞，其他不識字的人只說口語音仍唸陰平調，完全保留畬語的聲調。從上面證明客家話本來是畬語，學習北方音的書面語以後，北方音就大量的進入畬語，慢慢形成了後期的南方漢語（客語）。

The author seeks to disprove the notion that the Hakka language was brought by Han immigrants from the Central Plains (Zhongyuan). Rather Hakka developed from the Yi, Yao, and She dialects after integration with the northern dialects. There is a saying, “Wherever there is a mountain, there the Hakka dwell; wherever the Hakka dwell, there is a mountain.” This saying implies that the Hakka must have been mountain dwellers. There are close connections among the Yi, She, and Hakka languages. In addition, the history of sinograms, archaeology, and folklore show that the Han languages originated in the South, and that the Hakka language actually preserves many features of the southern languages. For example, the N+A sequence in Hakka is just the opposite of the A+N sequence in the northern Han languages, because Hakka preserves the sequence of the southern Han languages. Besides that, “the alternation of intonation” is used at the switches of the singular pronouns, which is consistent with the principle in its sources, the Yi, Yao, and She dialects. On the other hand, the Hakka language keeps one southern tradition—the AAe enriched structure, which, however, does also occur in the northern dialects, but as a result of southern influence. The -ma ending on Hakka nouns can be interpreted as a modifier meaning ‘large’ and connoting femininity, just as in Yi, Yao, and She. This conclusively proves that Hakka originated in the south. Part of the “semi-muddy initial of the rising tone” pronounced Yinping (upper even tone) can be found in the Hakka language, as well as the She dialect from the south. So we see once more that the Hakka linguistic groups are related to the She and the Yi from the south. The [f-] and [v-] labio-dental sounds in Hakka come from the common “-v” rhymes in the mother tongues such as the Yi. The “muddy initial of the rising tone”, pronounced differently in formal or informal context, also comes from the She language. Since these people started studying Mandarin from the north, only the illiterate kept an exactly original pronunciation. We can conclude from all this that She is the origin of the Hakka language. After the people had learned Mandarin, northern pronunciation started to influence She, and gradually the late southern Han language (Hakka) was formed.