大洋洲語言之構詞及句法類型研究

The Morphosyntactic Typology of Oceanic Languages

本文旨在闡述部分大洋洲語言構詞及句法中之普遍特徵。從大洋洲語言豐富多樣之類型中，作者界定出一種在譜系上與地域上都極具代表性之「典型」語言型態。此型態為SVO詞序，並具有前置詞；主語反映於動詞的前綴或前附加詞；賓語則反映於動詞的後綴或後附加詞；動詞通常形成構詞上相關而配對出現的及物與不及物動詞組。某些語言中，這些動詞再分為兩類：主語不論在及物與不及物動詞中均為主事者的A-類以及不及物動詞主語與，及物動詞賓語均為受事者之U-。作者以此動詞分類作為背景，進一步討論大洋洲語言及物化與去及物化的構詞型態。典型大洋洲語言的領屬結構，分為「直接」與「間接」兩種。直接領屬結構用以標記不可分離之領屬關係，而必用表所有之量詞之間接領屬結構用以標記可分離之領屬關係。本文以針對典型大洋洲語言分句間關係之探討作結。作者指出，副詞分句與補語分句鮮有去語句化現象，而主語一般僅有語意上功能，而無追蹤指稱的語用功能。

The main goal of this paper is to describe some morphosyntactic characteristics that are common to a majority of Oceanic languages. Amidst the typological variety of Oceanic languages, the author defines a canonic language type, i.e., a type widely represented both genealogically and geographically. This type is SVO and has prepositions. Subjects are coreferenced by a prefix or proclitic to the verb, objects by a suffix or enclitic. Verbs often fall into morphologically related pairs with a transitive and an intransitive member. In some languages these verb pairs in turn fall into two classes. With A-verbs, the subject of both members is the Actor. With U-verbs, the subject of the intransitive is the Undergoer, which is to say, it corresponds to the object of the transitive. Against this background the (de-)transitivising morphology of Oceanic languages is described. Possession in the canonic language type takes two forms, direct and indirect. The direct construction encodes inalienable possession, the indirect (which entails a possessive classifier) encodes alienable possession. The paper finishes with a discussion of interclausal relationships in canonic languages. Adverbial and complement clauses display little desententialisation. It is also suggested that subjects in canonic languages generally have only a semantic function, not a reference-tracking function.