菲律賓南島語的句法結構簡介

A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages

本文以詞彙學派(lexicalist)的理論架構來分析及描述菲律賓南島語的句法結構特徵。文中探討三項主題：（一）詞序，（二）動詞句的結構，（三）名詞組的結構。在詞序方面，我們探討以動詞或以非動詞（即名詞組與介詞組）為謂語的句型其謂語與（非）人稱代名詞等名詞補語及助動詞之間相對詞序。此外，我們也討論主題化句型的詞序。在動詞句的結構方面，我們檢視動詞形態與句子及物性之間的關連性。我們發現動詞形態本身並無法使我們準確無誤地判斷動詞的及物性。此外，我們將「焦點詞綴」分析為動詞所帶有的與主格名詞組詮釋有關的語義成分，而非所謂的「語義角色呼應」。在名詞組的結構方面，我們探討限制詞的句法功能與語義功能。此外，我們也探討關係子句結構。我們主張菲律賓南島語並無「形容詞」的存在。名詞組中所謂的「形容詞」實際上是以狀態動詞為謂語的關係子句。

This paper is a brief statement of the typological characteristics of the syntactic structures of Philippine languages. It utilizes a lexicalist theoretical framework to provide comparability among the examples cited. The word order of both verbal and non-verbal predicational sentences is examined, with pronominal and non-pronominal complements, topicalization, and auxiliary verbs. Philippine languages are analyzed as morphologically ergative. The morphological criteria for determining the syntactic transitivity of verbal sentences are examined, concluding that verbal affixation alone is an insufficient criterion. Attention is paid to the notion of focus, rejecting the concept of voice as an explanation for the phenomenon. The various forms of syntactically transitive verbs that have been described by others, for example, as signaling agreement with the Nominative NP, are here described as carrying semantic features, marking the manner of their instantiation with reference to the Nominative NP. The structure of noun phrases is examined. Morphological case marking of NPs by Determiners is claimed for Genitive, Locative, and—for some languages—Oblique NPs, but it is claimed that for most languages, Nominative full NPs are case-marked only by word order. Semantic agreement features distinguishing forms of Determiners for common vs. personal, definiteness, specificity, spatial reference, and plurality of their head nouns are described. Relative clause formation strategies are described. Most are head-initial, with gapping of the Nominative NP. “Adjectives” in NP’s are typically relative clauses having stative verbs as predicates.