從古希臘的「技藝」概念重新對護理倫理的反思

A Reconsideration of Nursing Ethics from the Perspective of Téchne

本文鑒於目前科技時代的要求精確，提出護理倫理本是一門不應以精確性為首要的技藝學，進而反省其倫理內涵可能開展的新面向。內文將首先闡釋古希臘亞里斯多德對於技藝的理解，強調它不是一種要求精確性的經驗認識；接著討論技藝雖非精確性知識，但是和現象學裡主張的嚴格與嚴肅的哲學有所關聯。這將涉及到區別開古希臘在自然學與智慧能力下所要求的精確性，以及西方科技時代，因人對於存有者關係態度的改變所要求的精確性。在討論護理倫理作為一種技藝學時，先表示當今醫學及護理學界對於倫理的討論仍受到科技時代要求精確性的影響，接著提出下列論點：護理倫理應開展出行動更勝於理論的關懷倫理，護病間的語言溝通應可引進修辭與敘事的一些理念與方法。

Our current age of technology sets high expectations for clarity and exactness in all professions, including nursing. This article introduces nursing ethics as a nebulous form of art (＂téchne＂) and then considers the new aspects that may be developed from nursing ethics. We first introduce the Aristotelian concept of ＂téchne＂ and then explain how ＂téchne＂ addresses experiential knowledge without claims to exactness. A discussion then follows about the relationship of ＂téchne＂ to rigorous and serious philosophy. While ＂téchne＂ is not an exact science, this concept addresses the difference between the exactness claimed by ancient Greek physical science (phúsis) and wisdom and the exactness claimed by Westerners today due to the changes in modern Western attitudes toward beings. In discussing nursing ethics as téchne, this article shows that the discussions of ethics within the medical and nursing professions nowadays are still influenced by age-of-technology claims to exactness. Finally, we propose the following: 1) nursing ethics should develop standards for ethics of care (or care ethics) wherein action is more important than theoretical argument and 2) some ideas and methods of rhetoric and narration should be integrated into the process of communication between nurses and patients.