受苦概念分析

Concept Analysis of Suffering

受苦是在臨床護理中常見且被定位在個別性及主觀性的經驗。事實上它是一種複雜的人類反應，包含身體、心理、社會及靈性層面。受苦感受會威脅到個人自我的完整性，易造成患者有負面的行為表現，如價值觀及現實感的改變、退縮、無助感及絕望。國內外有許多相關文獻探討受苦對疾病之影響，然而很少對受苦作概念分析。因此，本文運用Chinn及Kramer（1995）所提出的步驟進行分析，統整相關性文獻，確立受苦之定義，以進一步加強護理人員對此概念的認知，期能應用於臨床病患的護理中。

Suffering is commonly encountered in nursing and is defined as an individual and subjective experience. It is a complex human response to which there are physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects. Perception of suffering threatens self-integrity, and induces negative behaviors, such as personal changes in relation to value system, sense of reality, withdrawal, feelings of helplessness, and despair. A great deal of relevant literature explores the influence of suffering, but only a few articles analyze the concept of suffering. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to clarify the concept of suffering. In order to do this, we used the technique of concept analysis described by Chinn and Kramer (1995). It is hoped that the results of the study will enhance nurses' understanding of suffering and that its lessons may be adopted in clinical nursing.