莊子的身體存有論－－兼論其與歐洲身體現象學的對話

Zhuangzi's Ontology of Body and Its Dialogue with the European Phenomenology of Body

身體是二十世紀歐洲哲學的主要問題意識之一，現象學家如梅洛龐蒂（Maurice Merleau-Ponty）、施密茨（Hermann Schmitz）等，都十分重視身體概念，形成身體現象學的潮流。在這種歐洲身體現象學的視域之下，本文思考莊子的身體觀如何獲得現代意涵。第一節說明莊子身體哲學的基本感通內涵，由感通概念擴大到宇宙一氣之感通，而認為莊子哲學中有一種「感通的身體存有論」；第二節說明莊子真人的身體存有論的具體表現，此即技藝真人的活動；第三節說明莊子對於當代異化身體的批判。本文認為，莊子之特殊的「氣的身體現象學」，對於歐洲身體現象學具有補充的作用。

This article attempts to elucidate the modem significance of Zhuangzian philosophy by investigating the problem of the body in European philosophy. In this way, we can highlight the particularity and transcultural meanings of the Zhuangzian philosophy of body, while also bringing the Zhuangzian discussion of body into the realm of contemporary philosophical discourse. I construct the Zhuangzian ontology of body from the notion of the body of qi 氣. This allows comparison with the idea of affection in the European phenomenology of body, which features in the philosophy of Hermann Schmitz and Michel Henry, for example. This paper aims to achieve the following: firstly, to demonstrate how the idea of affection can bridge Chinese and European philosophies of body, and to construct a Zhuangzian ontology of body; secondly, how the body of the highly-skilled artisan is an expression of the perfect body of the Daoist sage. The final section of this paper uses the Zhuangzian ontology of body to critique contemporary alienation from the body.