九州生氣恃風雷－－天理教事件消息的傳播與士人議政風潮的興起

The Spread of News of the Tianli Sect Incident and the Rise of Discussion of Political Affairs among the Literati

嘉道間士林風氣的變化是清中葉歷史上頗受關注的現象，本文認為真正促成這種轉變的，是嘉慶十八年(1813)發生的震驚朝野的天理教事件。文章首先考察天理教事件消息在京師地區傳播和隨之產生的各種謠言，以及其給當時處於歷史未知之幕的人引發的恐慌。其次，從天理教事件的敏感性、朝廷詔諭的頻繁頒布、鄉會試的舉行以及軍隊的調動、關帝封號的變更等，考察事件消息在各地傳播的不同渠道及引起的持續關注。最後，討論士人對天理教事件的關注與反思，以及由此出現的士人議政之風對當下朝廷施政的議論和批評，進而朝廷法度成為反思和變革的對象。朝廷下詔求言等相關政令和兩次殿試策論有關天理教事件的反思和關注，使士人藉機發表反思天理教事件的激烈言論甚至抨擊朝政。它不僅表明清廷已無暇顧及鉗制士人思想言論的高壓政策，清代自雍乾以來的輿論環境與士林風氣亦由此發生關鍵性轉變。

The change in intellectual atmosphere that occurred during the reigns of the Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors in the mid-Qing is a phenomenon which has received considerable scholarly attention. This article argues that the true impetus for this change was the Tianli Sect Incident of 1813, which sent shockwaves through the imperial court. The author first investigates the spread of the news of the incident around the capital, the various rumors that followed, and the fear felt by people as yet unaware of the complete picture. Secondly, by investigating the sensitive nature of this incident, the frequency of imperial edicts promulgated by the court, the holding of provincial-level examinations and transfers of troops, the alteration of titles given to Guan Di and so forth, the author explores the different channels by which the news was disseminated in each region and the lasting interest this attracted. In the final section, the author discusses the concerns and reflections of the literati regarding the incident, as well as the emergence of a trend for political discussion and criticism of court policy, which led to the institutions of government themselves becoming the targets of reflection and reform. Related decrees issued by the court urging scholarly discussion and two final imperial examination essay questions about the incident were taken by the literati as an opportunity to express radical opinions, and even attack court policy. This not only clearly indicates that the Qing court had no time for implementing high-handed policies suppressing scholarly discourse and expression, but also that a key shift had occurred in public opinion and intellectual atmosphere since the reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors.