從宗教場所到廟會中心──清代北京藏傳佛寺的演變及其與喀爾喀蒙古王公朝覲貿易的互動

From Religious Centers to Temple Fairs: Tibetan Buddhist Temples and Tributary Trade with Khalkha Mongolian Royalty during the Qing Dynasty

清人文集或朝鮮使臣的《燕行錄》呈顯十八世紀北京廟會的繁榮景象，珍貴毛皮充斥市集，至十九世紀廟會則淪為販賣日常生活物品之所。欲瞭解北京廟會的興衰，須探討蒙古與中國的朝貢和貿易關係。清朝修建北京藏傳佛寺作用各不同，有些作為重要宗教場所，有些規劃為市集。黃寺和黑寺為達賴班禪使臣每年朝貢時的住所，每年正月兩寺與雍和宮宗教活動活絡。寺廟附近的外館為喀爾喀蒙古王公朝覲駐錫所在，皇帝允許他們攜帶貨品來貿易，形成重要的市集，進而帶動外館一帶的商業發展。清朝乃劃出一大區塊，東至安定門大道、西至黃寺西村、北至土城、南至關廂，作為棧房和商舖區，為庫倫和北京長程貿易的終點。相對來說，內城隆福寺、護國寺、白塔寺的定期市集，清初到清末都維持每旬兩天，而商攤侷限在廟內。市集充斥旗人穿用之氈罽、眼鏡、狐裘、貂帽等，主要來自中俄恰克圖貿易，許多係由喀爾喀蒙古王公藉朝覲之便而輸入。至清末寺廟附近街道發展成商業區，寺廟本身的市集卻淪為販賣日用品之處。此係皇帝的官房分布寺廟周圍，供民眾承租或購置，商舖聚集發展而成之故。隆福寺附近設立多處官倉，而出現碾米的碓房，此亦可見清朝規劃的市集結合了商業和糧食供應功能。

From anthologies of writers in the Qing Dynasty and Korean envoys' Journal of Trips to Beijing, we can see the prosperous temple fairs in Beijing in the eighteenth century with their rare foreign items and precious furs and leather products for sale. However, these fairs became mainly marketplaces for daily necessities no later than the middle of the nineteenth century. In order to understand the development of temple fairs, we must understand the tribute and trade relationship between the Qing Empire and Mongolians. The Qing Empire remodeled Tibetan Buddhist temples in Beijing, some made into important religious places and others reconstructed to be markets. The Huang Temple and the Hei Temple housed the envoys sent by the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama annually to pay tribute to the emperor, and these two temples and the Yonghe Temple maintained active religious activities every January. Khalkha Mongolian princes were housed in nearby sites during their visits to pay tribute to the emperor. Since they were allowed to carry merchandise, this area became an annual market. Due to the increasing amount of trade, the Qing government made over a large area for warehouses and shops: east to Andingmen Boulevard, west to Huang Temple West Village, north to Tu Village and south to Guangxiang. Beijing thus became the primary destination of Mongolians' long distance trade. At the same time, the regular fairs of Longfu Temple, Huguo Temple and Baita Temple in the inner city were held for about six days monthly throughout the Qing period, with sales limited to the temple precincts. The markets sold the felt clothing worn by Bannermen, eye glasses, fur coats and hats and other products allowed through the Kyakhta trade, much brought in by the Khalka princes along with their imperial tribute. By the end of the Qing, nearby streets became business neighborhoods while the temple markets sold simple grocery goods. The development of the business neighborhoods was due to people who began to rent or purchase formerly official houses around the temples. Moreover, various governmental warehouses were located around Longfu Temple and rice milling shops appeared. From this, we can see clearly the Qing Empire planned fairs combining commerce and food supply.