天理教事件與清中葉文化政策的轉變──以嘉慶朝為中心的考察

The Tianli Sect Incident and the Transformation of Cultural Policy in the Mid-Qing: Research Concentrating on the Jiaqing Period

清嘉慶十八年發生的天理教事件震驚朝野，促使清廷反思士習、風俗等方面出現的問題，本文以此為切入點，彌補學術界以往對嘉慶朝文化政策研究的不足，對乾嘉漢學考據和道咸以降理學興起間之缺環進行探討。指出：嘉慶朝前期，由於受朱珪及嘉慶帝本人學術傾向的影響，清廷一方面延續乾隆朝後期獎掖漢學考據的政策，並有所發展；另一方面開始緩解雍乾以來鉗制士人思想言論的文字獄高壓政策。嘉慶十八年發生的天理教事件，促使清廷轉而提倡理學，貶抑漢學考據，這是乾隆朝後期以來清廷文化政榮的重大轉變，並對此後清代學術的發展有深遠的影響。此外，本文還就政治事件如何影響文化政策，提供了個案考察。

Impelled by the Tianli Sect Incident of the 18(superscript th) year of Emperor Jiaqing's reign, which convulsed both the government and the public, the Qing government began to reflect on issues concerning folk customs and elite practices. This article focuses on a lacuna in present Sinological research, namely the cultural policy of the Jiaqing period, since there is a missing link between the evidential studies of the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods and the rise of neo-Confucianism in the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods. On this basis, this article points out that the Qing government under Jiaqing's early reign, influenced by the academic partiality of Zhugui and Emperor Jiaqing himself, continued to support the evidential studies program advocated since the late Qianlong period; at the same time, the government relaxed the literary inquisition policies of the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, which had suppressed intellectual activity. It was the Tianli Sect Incident that then induced the Qing government to turn to neo-Confucianism and criticize evidential studies. This move had far-reaching impact upon the later development of scholarship during the Qing. This article thus constitutes a case study of the impact of political events upon cultural policy.