左右之間：容共改組後的國民黨與廣東商人，1924-1925

Between the Left and the Right: The Guomindang and Guangdong Merchants during the First United Front, 1924-1925

孫中山因為革命事業屢遭挫折，轉而借鏡俄國革命成功的經驗。但是，他的全民革命主張，與俄國無產階級革命，存在本質上的矛盾。國民黨容共改組後，共產黨員在黨內掌握實權，影響黨的路線，兩個主義之間的矛盾隨即爆發。在黨內有左右派之爭，在社會則產生商人與工人的衝突。其時，廣州商人因為飽受革命政府和客軍的苛徵騷擾，對革命政府早已心存不滿。國民黨改組後，在中央設置農民部、工人部，而獨缺商人相關部門。其宣傳和政策偏重農工，忽視商人。商人因而疑懼國民黨將實行共產主義。就此而言，商團與政府的衝突，實雜糅商人對政府的怨懟和疑懼。在這場衝突中，國民黨左右兩派以及共產黨都積極活動，爭奪革命的領導權。右派厚植商人勢力，發動黨組織的改造，左派則在黨中央增設商民部，以與右派相抗衡。中央商民部的設立，一方面是國民黨在商團事件發生以後用來安撫商人的措施，一方面則隱含革命路線之爭。不過，左派雖然設立商民部，但是對於商民運動在農工革命運動中，究應如何定位，並沒有明確的方案。直到國民黨第二次全國代表大會召開，商民運動才正式成為黨的政策。而由於兩個主義和革命路線存在根本矛盾，以後圍繞著商人的問題，依舊層出不窮。

As a result of the repeated failure of his revolutionary efforts, Sun Yat-sen decided to borrow from the Soviet Union's successful experience. But his advocacy of a total revolution by the whole people was essentially contradictory to the proletarian revolution of Soviet Union. After the Guomindang (KMT) reorganized and began to admit members of the Chinese Communist Party, they gained considerable power within the KMT and were able to influence its political line, which gave rise to an eruption of ideological contradiction. Within the KMT, controversies erupted between the left and the right, and in society conflicts emerged between merchants and workers. By this time Guangdong merchants were already in a state of discontent with the revolutionary government, because they had been subjected to a range of severe harassments stemming from levies imposed by both the government and visiting armies. After its reorganization, the KMT headquarters established peasants' and workers' bureaus, but lacked any corresponding merchants' bureau. Its propaganda and policy were biased toward the peasantry and workers to the neglect of merchants, which caused the latter to suspect the KMT of promoting communism. As far this point is concerned, the conflict between merchant militia and the government was based on both ideological differences and practical fears. As well the left and the right within the KMT and the CCP all engaged actively in the conflict, in a struggle for revolutionary leadership. The right cultivated the power of merchants and promoted party organizational reform, while the left established an additional bureau of merchants in its fight against the right. The establishment of this bureau by the KMT headquarters was on the one hand a measure to pacify merchants in the wake of the conflict with merchant militia, while on the other hand it implied a conflict of revolutionary line. However, although the left established a merchants' bureau, it had no clear plan as to how to define the status of merchants in a revolutionary program based primarily on the peasantry and workers. Not until the second plenary conference of national representatives of the KMT, was a merchants' movement adopted as party policy. But owing to the fundamental contradictions between the two ideologies and revolutionary lines of the KMT and the CCP, the issues surrounding merchants were to constantly reappear without resolution.