可能─不可能的基進倫理─政治

The Im-possible Radical Etho-politics

本文將以德希達談論的「可能－－不可能」的「雙重纏繞」為起點，說明「可能－－不可能」是向他者的開放與邀請，不－－可能與疑境，以及由此而產生關於無條件，是作為德希達倫理政治哲學的核心，德希達正是在不－－可能的這個概念下，開展了它有關於無條件好客、友愛政治學、寬恕、禮物、將臨的民主、解構的正義等有關倫理－－政治的哲學。「不－－可能」的重點不在於成為可能，而在於必須改變或轉換對於所謂的「可能」的概念。德希達想做的就是解構可能與不可能的經驗界線。「可能－－不可能」這種在二者之外的可能，這種以不－－可能亦如同可能的可能，德希達賦予了它一種基進性。他認為唯有在可能性中持續著不可能性，才讓可能性不斷進行，而這種不中止，這種以幽靈形式存在的不可能性，才讓事物超越了原有的結構和經驗。不可能性作為可能的最前沿，讓事物永遠處於將臨，不可能作為一種補充或幽靈，朝向未來的開放，而這將有助於我們思考，面對他者時，是否有一種超越現有法律與制度，更加正義與民主的可能。

The paper departs with Derrida’s discussion of the im-possible double bind that explains the im-possible as an opening and invitation to the Other, im-possible and aporetic, which produces the unconditionality as Derrida’s etho-political core. With the concept of im-possible, Derrida forges his own etho-political philosophy, including the concepts of unconditional hospitality, politics of friendship, forgiveness, gift, democracy to come, and deconstructive justice. The stake of the im-possible does not suggest that it will become possible, but that it will change and transform the notion of possible. The project that he aims to carry out is to deconstruct the limit of experience between the possible and the impossible: Derrida endows this dichotomy with the radical sense that the im-possible lies beyond the possibility of the two, i.e., the im-possible as—comme/en tant que—possible. Only in the possible that constantly strives for the impossible can the possible be made incessant going. The incessant going, as the impossible of a spectral form, can transcend the existing structures and experiences. The impossible as the possible front makes something always to-come, or the impossible as a supplement or a specter, towards the opening to come or of the future (avenir). This helps us think whether there is a possibility beyond the existing law and institutions, with more justice and democracy.