民法總則中非法人組織的制度設計

Review on 'Unincorporated Organization' (Chapter 4) of General Principles of Civil Code

非法人組織不同於自然人個人，是不具有法人資格的社會組織，具有相應的民事權利能力和民事行為能力。《民法總則草案》以專章規定非法人組織，從法典上確認非法人組織為與自然人、法人並列的另一類民事主體。這不僅使民事法律的規定相互協調，順應了社會需求，也代表了現代民事主體制度的發展方向。非法人組織可有不同的分類，《民法總則草案》列舉了個人獨資企業、合夥企業和法人分支機搆，此外還應包括非營利性的合夥組織、不具有法人資格的村委會、業主共同體、家庭農場、個體工商戶、農村承包經營戶以及籌建中的法人等。非法人組織可以自己的名義享受民事權利和負擔民事義務，也可以自己的名義進行必要的民事活動，但非法人組織不具有完全民事責任能力，其成員或設立人對非法人組織的債務承擔無限責任。非法人組織依法成立，發生法定事由時終止，須經必要程序而消滅。非法人組織消滅後，其原成員或設立人對原組織未清償的債務在法定期間內仍負清償責任。

Unincorporated organization is different from natural person. It is a specific type of organization and has corresponding capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct, but doesn't have the qualification of legal person. Unincorporated organization is regulated in General Principles of Civil Code (Draft) and recognized as one kind of subject as natural person and legal person. This not only makes the provisions of civil law to coordinate with each other, but also conforms to the social needs and represents the development direction of the modern civil subject system. Unincorporated organizations can have different classification. General Principles of Civil Code (Draft) lists the personal proprietorship, partnership and corporate branches. In addition, it should also include non-profit partnership, the village committee which does not have the qualification of legal person, owners' community, family farms, individually-owned business, lease holding rural household and legal person in preparation, etc. Unincorporated organizations can own name and enjoy the rights and obligations, but does not have full capacity for civil liability. Its members or establishers should bear the unlimited liability of the debts even after some periods of its termination. Unincorporated organization should be established and terminated in accordance with the law.