從明清法律文書看社會、法律制度的變與不變

The changed and unchanged of the law and Society in Ming and Qing China – a Observation of legal Documents

本文透過《大明律》、《大清律》及《戶部則例》有關人口相關規定，分析明末清初之際的法律與社會制度的變與不變。法制史學界有關清朝法制的研究向來著重於《大清律》；但，清朝在有關戶口的規範除了《大清律》之外，在乾隆朝還透過《戶部則例》規範旗人與直省人民戶口相關事務。本論文除了比較《大明律》、《大清律》有關人口制度規定外並將分析《戶部則例》，說明清朝在入主中原，統治中國之際，如何運用既有明朝法律結構，統治多數漢人並透過《戶部則例》回應社會變遷。本文首先著重比較分析《大明律》與《大清律》〈戶律篇〉戶役門規定；尤其著重「人戶以籍為定」律文與條例規定比較，藉此說明清朝統治者如何運用法律處理明末清初的社會變遷，並分析清朝統治中國之初決定法律規範變與不變的考量因素。另外將探討乾隆時期《欽定戶部則例》有關戶口規定，用以說明清朝統治者，一方面延續明朝法規範模式，在《大清律集解附例》〈戶律篇〉規範清朝戶口問題外，更以《戶部則例》〈戶口門〉處理旗人與直省人民戶口相關事項；最後分析清朝光緒末年，有關滿漢畛域奏摺內容，藉以說明清朝末年之際法律與社會變遷關係。

Most legal scholars think that Qing China had adopted the legal system of Ming China. Therefore the most rearch of the Qing legal history have almost focused on “The great Qing code大清律例”. However, the Population of the Qing Dynastie have been changed, in the Qing-Dynasty the population are not only people of the Ming, but also included the people of Manchuria and Mongolian. How the Qing Government had ruled the register of the Population to deal with the change of the population is the main thesis of this paper. This paper focused on a comparative analysis of “The Great Ming code大明 律” and “The great Qing code 大清律” and “The Regulations of the Ministry of the households欽定戶部則例” in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. This paper try to find out how the Qing Dynasty had been used the existing legal structure of the Ming Dynasty to ruling the majority Han people and created the new legal system to respond the new social change with “The regulations of the Ministry of the households 欽定戶部則例”, especially focused on the regulations of the Household and on the regulations of Household and Service.