國家與法律──《通典．刑法典》的法律書寫與秩序觀

Nation and Law-the writing of law and philosophy of order of “Tong-Dian of Law”

《通典．刑法典》共有八篇，其寫法仿照歷代刑法志之方式，羅列出歷代法律制度、規範、特殊法律個案等，透過正史資料的記載，再由撰寫者負責整理、評論，使整部刑法典呈現一個清楚且具邏輯性的法律架構。本文所著重的焦點為唐代國家法律秩序的建立與實踐的相關課題，在此脈絡之下，杜佑法律語境的表達為何？如何建構法律秩序？法律和國家政權的關係又是如何？希望透過以上所探討的課題，以助於我們對唐人法律思維的理解。綜觀《通典．刑法典》的編撰體系，可知杜佑對於法律史、法律秩序的建構與理想。首先，杜佑使用「典」的概念，乃因《通典》本身具有貫穿古今典章制度的特色，即成一家之言。更向世人宣示，唐代的法律發展有其根源與建構的過程，以貫古今變通之道，藉此提供一個理想藍圖。是故，法律強調「善用」與「治道」，並配合教化以達到穩定社會秩序的目標。其次，就刑法典的論述脈絡而言，以刑制部分之篇幅最多，所關注的焦點正是「法律延續性」，建構唐代承繼前朝法典的正統性。最後，就杜佑的法律思想而言，他反對濫刑、肉刑、法繁，而是追求法律的變通之道，重視刑輕、法簡，並回歸經典本身，追求理想且淳樸的社會。誠如杜佑引用老子的論點：「其政悶悶，其人淳淳；其政察察，其人缺缺」，似乎也說明了其理想的法律秩序是一個刑輕、法簡、和諧、無訟的社會。

“Tong-Dian of Law” (《通典‧刑法典》) included eight articles, which were written and composed in a fashion as the mode of History of Criminal Law. In “Tong-Dian of Law”, Du-You (杜佑) listed ancient legal systems, norms, and other special legal cases, commenting on substantial historical data, so that the entire department of criminal code presented a clear and legally logical framework. Looking at the writing system of “Tong-Dian of Law”, we could know Du-You’s conception and ideal for the legal order and history. First, Du-You used the concept of “institutions” (典), because “Tong-Dian” had the characteristics of running through ancient and modern concerning laws or institutions, in order to form his personal opinion. Moreover, he established the juristical development of the Tang Dynasty, as well as provided an ideal blueprint. For law, Du-You emphasized using and governing, in order to achieve the goal of stable social order by enlightenment. Second, most of Du-You’s efforts were made about the discussions on the context of criminal system, He paid attention to the legal continuity, in order to construct the Tang Dynasty inheriting the orthodoxy of preceding dynasties. Finally, concerning the legal thought of Du-You, he opposed corporal punishment or strict laws, but emphasized the light punishment (刑輕) and the simple law (法簡). For Du-You, his ideal legal order is the light punishment, simple law, harmony, and no litigation of society.