經濟法主體制度重構：一個常識主義視角

Reconstruction of the Subject System of Economic Law: From the Perspective of Common Sense

在經濟法主體制度研究中，長期以來存在一個被視為理所當然的理論預設，即法律主體的專屬性理論。該理論的核心觀點是法律主體與部門法之間具有對應關係，獨立的法律部門必然有獨特的法律主體。但法律主體的專屬性理論本身是對法律主體理論的 常識性誤讀。專屬於某一部門法的主體實際上是不存在的，同一個主體因參與的法律關係不同，會享有不同的權利義務，從而成為不同部門法的主體。某一主體成為經濟法主體，僅意味著其參與了經濟法律關係，並不是指該主體本身為經濟法所獨有。換言之，經濟法主體只是該主體因從事經濟法中特定行為而呈現的一種角色而已。基於此，我們不能從主體的具體形態而只能從角色角度來界定經濟法主體的含義及類型，經濟法主體由此可被分為管理主體與被管理主體兩類。每類主體身份的獲得，均應根據其從事的法律行為的屬性來具體識別。

In the research of the subject system of economic law, most scholars have long insisted a view that there must be distinct legal subjects in an independent legal department. But in fact, this view is a misreading of legal subject theory. The legal subject exclusively belonging to a legal department does not actually exist. The same subject with different behaviors will get different rights and obligations, and thus becoming the subject of different legal departments. When we say that a person or an organization is the subject of economic law, we only mean that it carries out economic law behaviors, which does not mean that the person or organization itself is unique to economic law. In other words, the subject of economic law is just a kind of role of the person or organization due to its economic law behaviors. Based on this, we should not define the meaning and types of economic law subjects from the perspective of the specific forms of the subjects, but only from the perspective of their roles. Therefore, the subjects of economic law can be divided into two kinds: the regulator and the regulated. The legal status of each kind of economic law subjects can only be judged according to the nature of its legal behaviors.