知識產權行為保全申請主體資格研究－－兼評行為保全司法解釋徵求意見稿第一條

On the Capacity to Apply for Preliminary Injunction in IP Cases: Comments on the First Item of Draft Judicial Interpretation on Preliminary Injunction

被告因原告的起訴、投訴、發出警告函、公開發表聲明等行為遭受難以彌補的損失時，應當允許被告提出反向行為保全，即被告在終審判決作出前，請求法院責令原告容忍被告從事特定行為，並且不得妨害、干擾、阻止被告從事特定行為。反向行為保全的提出不以被告提出反訴為前提。被許可人申請行為保全的主體資格完全依附於其是否享有訴權。由於被許可使用權作為債權具有相對性，被許可人對侵權之訴具有訴訟主體地位並非基於其實體權利，而是基於訴訟擔當。獨佔許可被許可人的訴權是基於法定的訴訟擔當，排他許可被許可人、普通許可被許可人的訴權是基於任意的訴訟擔當。獨佔許可合同的被許可人可以單獨向人民法院提出申請；排他許可合同的被許可人可以和權利人共同申請，也可以在權利人不起訴的情況下，自行提出申請；普通許可合同的被許可人經權利人明確授權以自己的名義起訴的，可以提出申請；許可合同對於訴權行使有約定的，從其約定。

An alleged defendant can apply to the court for reverse act preservation when irreparable losses are rendered due to the actions conduced by a plaintiff including bring a lawsuit, making a complaint, sending a warning letter and making a public statement etc. During the course of a court trial and by a final ruling is rendered, the alleged defendant can apply to the court ordering that the plaintiff shall allow the defendant to freely engage in certain activities and shall not impair and interfere with the defendant's activities and prevent the defendant from doing so. The competence of the defendant for reverse act preservation is not subject to whether a counterclaim is filed. A Licensee can claim act preservation provided that he is justified to bring a lawsuit. The rights of licensees to file a lawsuit in a tort litigation is based on litigation other than substantive rights since the right of use obtained through license in nature is a right of creditor. In tort litigation, the right of licensees in an exclusive license agreement to sue for infringement is statutory, while the right of licensees in a sole license agreement and a non-exclusive license agreement to bring a lawsuit is arbitrary. Licensees under exclusive license agreements may file a lawsuit; licensees under sole license agreements may file a joint lawsuit together with the rights holder or independently if the rights holder fails to file a lawsuit; and licensees under non-exclusive license agreements may file a lawsuit if explicitly authorized by the rights holder. The rights to bring a lawsuit may be specifically stipulated and agreed upon by licensees and rights holder in a license agreement.