歐洲國家監察制度獨立性的實證分析：兼論與民主品質的關係

Can Democracy Promote the Independence of the Ombudsman System? A Study of European Countries

本文研究歐洲國家監察制度獨立性與民主的相關，並輔以各國之貪腐及經濟情形共同探討。本文依據文獻建構監察制度之獨立性指標（Independent Index，以下簡稱IDI）與自由之家(Freedom House)的民主指標(Democracy Index, DI)、國際透明組織(Transparency International) 的貪腐印象指數(Corruption Perception Index, CPI)、美國中央情報局( Central Intelligence Agency) Factbook 的國人每年每人平均收入（即人均產值，Gross Domestic Income, GDI）及監察制度成立的時間長久( Lasting Time, LT) 等變項之相關性研究。研究發現以46 個歐洲國家為樣本， 其監察制度IDI 與DI、CPI、GDI、LT均有負相關，但僅IDI與CPI、GDI之間有統計顯著負相關；但如以自由度為1的31個國家為樣本，則IDI與DI、CPI、GDI間均有統計顯著負相關；而若以自由度為2或3的12個國家為樣本，則IDI與DI、CPI、LT均為正相關，惟未達統計顯著相關；另外， 進一步以經濟上高收入的26個國家為樣本，IDI與所有變項均有負相關，但僅與CPI、GDI之間有統計顯著負相關。基此交叉驗證顯示，民主指數、清廉情形及經濟上人均產值越高的國家，其監察制度獨立性有越低之情形。

After studying the operational and core definition of the independence of the European Ombudsman, this paper builds the Independence Index of 46 country samples in Europe for an empirical analysis on the relationship between the independence of the European Ombudsman and the Democracy Index (DI, published by Freedom House), the Corruption Perception index (CPI, published by Transparency International) and the Gross Domestic Income Index (GDI, published by Fact Book of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency). It's found that among the 46 samples of European countries, both the CPI、GDI had a negative correlation with the IDI. Moreover, in the 31 highly free (freedom index=1) countries, the DI、CPI & GDI all showed a higher negative correlation with the IDI. Thereafter, it's also found that if the samples were the 26 high GDI European countries, a negative correlation with the IDI was shown. This paper concluded that the higher the independence of the ombudsman system, the lower the development of democracy, corruption and gross domestic income.