單一專家決策的風險與挑戰：論風險社會下的教育政策制定特色

cGet Rid of Sole Expert: The Development of Educational Policy in the Context of Risk Society

眾所皆知，教育乃百年大計，對國家社會發展影響頗大，若教育改革過程中專業判斷出現錯誤，其後果將相當嚴重。因此，注意教育專業參與決策的風險問題理應被重視，但檢視有關國內教育政策相關文獻，卻少見到有關相關討論。本文從風險社會理論出發，提供新的視角，作為吾人未來進一步探究與參考的基礎。Beck於1986年所提出的風險社會（risk society）理論對於社會分析有了重大的影響，風險社會於各學術領域已累積了豐富的探究。本文首先探討風險社會的意涵，其次闡述風險社會下的教育政策制定，以及參與式知識管理、審議式民主與教育政策的關係，接者敘述在風險社會下之教育的正向生命力包括反思的力量、教師的力量及民主的力量。最後，提出一些省思以供未來教育政策運用風險社會理論之參考。質言之，本文主張在風險社會下的教育政策制定，應該更反省教育專業知識的單向度思維及其可能的風險，並重新架構教育政策制定的程序與模式，即從單一封閉式走向多元開放式的教育決策過程，並引進教育現場之反思力量、教師力量及民主力量等正向生命力，降低教育決策的風險。

The development of educational policy or the undertake of educational reform are often implemented by the way of top-down in Taiwan. The policy is developed by the experts and the administrative authority and then forces the academic institute， school leadership， and the teacher at site to follow. The study reviewed the linear thinking behind the process and applied the theory of risk society to figure out an innovative possibility. The risk society theory proposed by Beck in 1986 exerts influence on social analysis and stimulates bunches of discussions in all academic fields. According to the theory， the mode of educational policy development is a sort of paradigm shift. The study applied the theory of risk society， probing into the development of educational policy in the context of risk society and the relationship among participatory knowledge management， deliberative democracy， and educational policy. In addition， the study described the positive vitality， including the power of reflection， teachers， and democracy， to point out the possibility in a risk society， proposing suggestions as the reference for future policy making. Essentially， the study contends that the educational policy development in the context of risk society should be careful in adopting one dimensional thinking and put more effort on establishing a public platform to allow the appearance of all kind of voices; the process and the mode of educational policy development cannot simply rely on the experts and the authority but should be open to the public and diversified values.