WTO體制下可再生能源補貼的困境與出路

Dilemmas and Solutions on Renewable Energy Subsidies under the WTO

基於環境保護目的給予可再生能源以財政支持並不違反WTO補貼規則，但附加國內成分要求屬於禁止性補貼。氣候變化全球治理與WTO補貼規則之間出現制度供需失衡，上訴機構在加拿大可再生能源案中面臨補貼紀律與環境保護目的相容難題。《補貼與反補貼措施協定》並未區分合理補貼與不合理補貼、歧視性補貼措施難以援引GATT第20條例外條款抗辯和利益集團的積極遊說是導致可再生能源補貼爭端日益頻發的癥結。在WTO多邊框架內，條約解釋中合理適用非WTO規則、修訂環境補貼例外條款及建構能源補貼的特殊規則皆是可行性方案。我國在區域（跨區域）自由貿易協定的談判中，可考慮借鑒《農業協定》模式設置能源補貼規則，並在政府採購條款中明確國民待遇原則減損條款的適用條件。

It is not inconsistent with WTO subsidy rules to give financial support to renewable energy for environment protection. However, the discriminatory domestic content requirement is prohibited. The WTO Appellate Body has encountered the problem of incompatibility between subsidy rules and environment protection in the Canada-Renewable Energy case. The incompatibility arises from the facts that: Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) do not distinguish the desirable subsidies from undesirable subsidies, making the renewable energy subsidy policies in a dilemma; Art. XX GATT cannot be invoked to defend the discriminatory domestic content requirements; and interest groups are positive to lobby the government to take action against foreign subsidies. In response, the non-WTO rules in treaty interpretation could be considered to applicable to the disputes, and Art VIII ASCM should be revised and the specialised energy subsidy rules should be established in the WTO. In the regional (transregional) free trade area, China could establish energy subsidy rules in the model of the Agreement on Agriculture, and define the applicability of national treatment derogation in the government purchase clause.