後現代的幸福生涯觀：變與不變的生涯理論與生涯諮商之整合模型

Post-Modern Perspective of Career Happiness: An Integrated Model of Career Theory and Career Counseling for the Changing World and Steady Core

本文以文獻回顧法探討國內外重要的生涯相關文獻，聚焦於實證論到建構 論的轉變，討論在社會「變」局中「不變」的決策核心之生涯特徵，以整合生 涯理論與實務。首先，論述後現代的幸福生涯觀，呈現三個特徵：(1)21 世紀 社會的生涯是應變之學，風險社會的不確定性，引發新興成人群的春季危機， 年輕人延後進入成人階段；(2)多元生涯類型與風貌的時代，已取代過去集體 敘事的生涯路徑；(3)幸福生涯注重獲致主觀的滿意感，而非追求成功。其次， 進行新興生涯觀點與生涯個人化故事的相關研究回顧，並分別論述與變動社會 的相關理論，和穩定「不變」的生涯決策主體需要的生涯諮商介入策略。最後， 提出整合觀點，橫軸是迎接「變/無常」的社會局勢的生涯理論，需要學習的 四種生涯理論以因應生涯挑戰：(1)持有積極不確定性態度；(2)重視計畫性機 緣與機會；(3)迎接混沌現象的事實；(4)體驗共時性的直觀經驗。縱軸是面對 「不變/常」的穩定決策核心，可以運用四個生涯諮商方法：(1)建立生涯願景； (2)從事自己的生活設計；(3)探索生命故事；(4)提升生涯適應力。並說明研究 限制與提出建議。

Through literature review， career theories and practices with focus on the shift from positivist to constructivist views in both domestic and international literatures are explored. At first， post-modern perspective of career happiness including three career features， are discussed: 1) The career character in the 21st century emphasizes flexible wisdom. The uncertainty of risk society has triggered young adults to take the load road to adulthood in the 21st century; 2) Multiple career types have replaced traditional collective narrative path; 3) Career happiness is gained through subjective satisfaction. Secondly， via review the frontier theories and the postmodern career personalization literatures， I discuss both related theories for changing society and counseling method for unchangeable career decision making. Then， an “Integrated model of career counseling and career theory for changing world/anicca and steady core/ anitya” as a conceptual basis for career counseling is proposed. The horizontal axis indicates the unpredictability and uncertainty of the 21st century ＂changing world＂ suggesting a need to learn from four career theories to meet the challenges: 1) Hold on to positive uncertainty attitude; 2) acknowledge the planned happenstance; 3) greet career chaos; and 4) experience the synchronicity intuitive experience. The vertical axis indicates a “steady core＂ for subjective career decision-making. There are four paths for counseling: 1) build career vision; 2) engage in life design; 3) explore life story; and 4) increase career adaptability. Finally， suggestions are offered and limitations of the study are explained.