觀光飯店乾洗作業四氯乙烯暴露調查研究

Survey on Tetrachloroethylene Exposure in Hotel Dry Cleaning Operation

四氯乙烯為國內乾洗業常用且為法令列管之乾洗溶劑，因四氯乙烯蒸氣的比重比空氣大，在通風不良的環境下容易造成作業勞工過度暴露與健康上之危害。本調查研究係針對台北市十一家設有使用四氯乙烯乾洗作業的觀光飯店進行普遍性的現場環境測定及洗衣房員工尿液樣品分析，以掌握洗衣房作業勞工暴露實況。本調查研究使用活性碳管吸附空氣中的四氯乙烯，配合氣相層析儀∕火焰離子偵測器（GC/FID）來檢測乾洗作業環境中勞工的四氯乙烯暴露量。飯店洗衣房使用的乾洗機為一個密閉系統而且都配備有冷凍式溶劑回收裝置，因此分析結果顯示，作業勞工的個人暴露值和定點區域暴露值均低於國內法定容許濃度（TWA，50 ppm），而且95% 以上低於2.50 ppm。因為乾洗機的機型，乾洗機的設定，操作勞工的習慣，和/或乾洗衣物的材質和量的不同，在乾洗完畢取出衣物時，在乾洗機門邊所測得的短時間暴露濃度則有極大的差異，從10 ppm 以下到超過 1,300 ppm 以上，但是，80 % 的測量結果仍低於 50 ppm。本調查研究並對觀光飯店洗衣房的作業勞工的尿液樣品進行分析。乾洗機操作勞工的尿液樣品中四氯乙烯的濃度與當日的四氯乙烯個人暴露濃度有不錯的相關性（r2 =0.66）。而四氯乙烯的代謝產物三氯乙酸在尿液中的濃度，則因三氯乙酸產生的不專一性，與當日的四氯乙烯個人暴露濃度並未顯示有明顯的相關性（r2 = 0.05）。

Tetrachloroethlyene is a regulated dry cleaning solvent, and is widely used in hotel dry cleaning operation. It is heavier than air, in a poorly ventilated environment, dry cleaning workers may suffer over exposure. In order to study the laundry room workers exposure to tetrachloroethylene, we focused on environmental measurement and biological monitoring of these workers at eleven hotels in Taipei City where tetrachloroethylene is used. Charcoal tubes, used as the air-sampling media, together with GC/FID were uutilized to determine the ambient tetrachloroethylene concentration. Since the dry cleaning machine is normally a closed system equipped with a refrigerated solvent recycle device, all results of personal air-sampling and area air-sampling were below the TWA (50 ppm), and 95% of these results were lower than 2.50 ppm. And because of the difference of dry cleaning machine type, operation setting, machine operator's habit and/or the material and amount of the garment, the results of the measurement around the dry cleaning machine door when unloading cleaned garment were quite different. They varied from below 10 ppm to over 1,300 ppm. However, 80% of these measurements were below 50 ppm. Concentration of tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning machine operators' urine samples showed a good correlation with the tetrachloroethylene concentration of personal air-sampling (r2 = 0.66). However, the concentration of trichloroacetic acid, metabolized product of tetrachloroethylene, in dry cleaning machine operators' urine samples did not show a good correlation with the tetrachloroethylene concentration of personal air-sampling (r2 = 0.05).