效益作為行動之準據－－關於墨家功利思想的重釋

Utility as the Basis of Action: A Reconstruction of Mohist Utilitarianism

墨家學派深刻影響戰國政治、軍事、思想各領域，與儒家並稱當時顯學。倫理學方面墨家提出一種以效益作為行動導向的論述，主張有利的行為即為正義，義利合一，不可分離。遺憾的是秦漢以後墨家學派驟然消逝，我們既難量化觀察這種學說的影響，相關研究也多付之闕如，難窺全貌。本文首先分析墨家功利思想發生之背景因素，進而借重當代學者對於《墨子》文本解譯成果，依循整合與分析途徑，重建墨家功利思想完整圖像。最後考察其優缺利弊，希冀能為先秦哲學研究提供更多更寬廣的思考向度。

Mohism had a deep impact on the fields of politics, philosophy and the military during the Warring States Period. It was as famous as Confucianism at that time. With regards to ethics, Mohist thinkers proposed a discourse on human action guided by utility; they argued that utilitarian behaviors were justified and that justice and utility were inseparable. Unfortunately, Mohism suddenly disappeared after the Qin and Han dynasties, and thus it is now difficult to quantify its influence. In addition, research on Mohism is quite rare, which makes it difficult to attain a complete picture of the Mohist school. This study first analyzes the background in which Mohist utilitarianism developed. Contemporary scholars’ interpretations of the Mozi are consulted to reconstruct a complete picture of Mohism. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of Mohism are critically examined in an effort to provide a wider perspective for researching pre-Qin philosophies.