客語「分」字構式中致使與被動的關聯

Relating Causative and Passive Bun Constructions in Hakka

客語多功能詞「分」表給予、目的、致使與被動等意。「分」字致使構式可分為使役、非意願允讓以及描述性致使三類。「分」字被動構式可分為直接被動、領屬被動以及非人稱被動三類。這兩種構式在結構上無法區分，加上主語名詞詞組的意願性消失或心理動詞的作格性等因素，造成了歧意的可能。「分」後及物動詞若具低施事性，即使語法主語恰巧為此動詞的語意賓語，人們仍然傾向於將句子解釋為致使而非被動。除了非人稱被動構式外，「分」字致使構式與被動構式皆具有「影響」這個共同意。致使構式包含了影響者與事件，而被動構式則包含了受影響者與事件。這些次類構式都藉由多意連結相連，而非人稱被動構式則藉由次部件連結與非意願允讓構式相連。

Bun「分」is a versatile function word in Hakka which occurs in dative, purposive, causative, and passive constructions. Both causative and passive bun constructions have subtypes. Causative bun constructions can be interpersonal causatives, unwilling permissives, or descriptive causatives. Passive bun constructions can be direct passives, possessive passives, or impersonal passives. Structurally, causative and passive bun constructions are indistinguishable, which gives rise to the potential of ambiguity, caused either by the loss of willingness on the part of the subject NPs, or the ergativity of psych verbs. When a verb with low agentivity appears after bun, the reading tends to be causative rather than passive, even though the grammatical subject is the semantic object of the post-bun transitive verb. All the subtypes of causative and passive constructions with Hakka bun (except for impersonal passives) can be subsumed under an affectedness construction, with the causatives having an affector and an event and the passives having an affectee and an event. The affectedness construction leaves unspecified the semantic role (affector or affectee) of the subject NP. All the subtypes are connected via polysemy links, except for the impersonal passive construction, which is connected to the unwilling permissive via subpart links.