平原上盛開的紅花－－論李佩甫《羊的門》的烏托邦書寫

Red Blossom on the Plain: An Inquisition of the Utopian Writing in Li Peifu’s The Gate for Sheep

李佩甫描繪中國農村「呼家堡」的小說《羊的門》於1999 年出版後，風行一時，旋即受政治力量干預而停止發行。過去對此書的評論雖涉及烏托邦面向，但是似乎未見從烏托邦書寫角度對「呼家堡」形象背後意識型態的歷史淵源進行深入分析，以及考察小說和中華人民共和國歷史發展的關係，這兩點正是本文關注所在。首先就「呼家堡」是一個實現了的共產主義烏托邦，分析它與「烏托邦」、「毛式烏托邦主義」和「新集體主義」等義理間的歷史淵源。接著，探討呼天成的領袖形象，以及領袖和民眾之間的關係，說明呼天成的人物形象在新時期中國文學上的獨特意義，以及長期存在於中國農民心底對「救主」的期盼。最後探討《羊的門》的烏托邦書寫之意義──「呼家堡」做為歷史出路的另一假設，展現了作家對於中國社會的批判與思考。

The circulation of The Gate for Sheep 羊的門, written by Li Peifu 李佩甫, was immediately halted through political intervention after its publication in 1999. Perhaps this is the reason why there have not been comprehensive analyses about the artistic image of Hu Jiabao 呼家堡 village from the perspective of Utopian Writing, nor have there been investigations about how the novel relates to Chinese history, despite the short-lived popularity of the novel. This article first analyzes the relationship of Hu Jiabao village with Utopia, Maoist Utopianism, and New Collectivism. Then it investigates the leadership image of Hu Tiancheng 呼天成, as well as the relationship between leaders and the public, which explains the unique meaning of his character in the new era of Chinese literature and the long-existing expectation that Chinese peasants had for a “savior.” Finally, the meaning of the Utopian writing in The Gate for Sheep is investigated—Hu Jiabao village is an escape route for peasants throughout history, and the novel expresses the criticisms and reflections of the writer toward Chinese society.