北宋初年的北方文士與豪俠－－以柳閥的事功及作風形象為中心

Men of Letters and Unrestrained Swordsmen in the Early Northern Song: The Style and Image of Liu Kai

本文藉著對柳開作風形象及戎績武略的描述，從而解說北宋初年文士與豪俠兩者混而為一、互相認同的風尚；透過柳開仕宦經歷的說明，顯示宋廷用人政策的根本矛盾：擴闊「重文輕武」論點的理解空間，闡釋「重文」並不必然導致「輕武」。北宋在締造文治格局的過程中，不斷遇上武臣抵制以至地方治安不靖等問題，這些皆非一般文宮可以解決，武質文臣則優為之。因此，任用疆幹武質文臣，遠比儒雅卻流於柔弱的文臣管用；武質文臣管治地方時所發揮的移風易俗等效用，亦絕非只知戎務而昧於文治的武將所能望其項背。換言之，重文與輕武非但沒有必然對立的關係，相反，宋廷要建立文治局面，便須藉著武質文臣的武幹能力，鎮服武人和維持地方治安。然而，武質文臣每多在言行失卻平衡，而出現標奇立異等行為；忽於繩檢，觸動了宋廷大忌，遂淪為打擊對象，柳開正是這一類武質文臣的典型。柳開的際遇，反映宋廷雖然看重武質文臣對於建立文治局面的貢獻，但當這類臣僚涉及狂妄言行而牴觸改良風俗的措施時，統治者即不惜予以嚴厲果斷打擊。宋廷制裁武質文臣所作諸種有違規範言行的做法，體現了對於武質文臣效績以及維護移風易俗政策兩者之間所作的取捨平衡，而不應簡單地理解成純粹輕武政策所致。

This study, based on a careful reading and interpretation of literary and historical texts, challenges the widely accepted notion that Song literati became effeminate as a result of the military culture being de-emphasized. To substantiate this argument, this paper analyzes how the double role of literati and knight-errantry was played by Liu Kai in the early Northern Song. Liu Kai's double role is a good example to indicate a trend that men of letters in North China generally acquainted themselves with martial arts. Examining the implication of the policy of upholding the literary and restraining the military is another focus of attention. In the process of establishing a civil administration, the Northern Song had to deal with a number of difficulties caused by recalcitrant military officials and banditry; only martial literati instead of frail scholars were able to handle the situations effectively. In this sense, the civil officials who were assigned with the tasks of holding the military in check and suppressing bandits needed to be militarily as well as literarily capable. Lastly this paper attempts to explain how Liu Kai's career was affected by the measures that were implemented by the central government with a view to transforming the negative social and political traditions prevailing over the Five Dynasties era; this is of particular importance for us to understand the significance of the appointment principle adopted by the early Northern Song. Although the Northern Song viewed martial literati as a necessary means for the establishment of civil administration, the government did not hesitate to impose severe punishments on those who acted in utter disregard of the law and discipline and consequently neutralized the imperial efforts to achieve social and political transformations.