陸西星的丹道與易道

Lu Xixing's Views of Neidan and I-Ching

本文旨在探討東派丹道家陸西星的丹道思想，尤其鎖定其丹道與易道之關係。內丹之道重在身心修煉和宗教解脫，這是毫無疑問的，然而這一套性命、死生之實踐超脫，亦有其形上學的結構做為其世界觀的基礎。一言以蔽之，內丹家的形上學結構融合了老莊和易經，是一種心性論、身體觀、工夫論、氣論、存有論的統合式之表達。並且由於內丹家對易經的獨特領會和運用，其結果造成先天易學之新說和易圖之學的興盛。我以為內丹家的易學殊勝和豐富，若未受到足夠的彰顯，一則是易學史上的缺漏，二則對內丹的哲學基礎之建立將是很不利的。然而，丹道和易道的關係探討之所以困難重重，除了內丹家的修煉系統向來屬玄秘傳承之外，恐怕亦和它隱晦的語言風格有關：而這個語言的隱晦，除了涉及超越語言之層次外，它還使用了多重圖像象徵和文字隱喻，而這些象徵和醋、喻，其實是內丹家的存在體驗之詩歌性表達，可以說是一種前概念的原初性體驗語言。我們有必要站在：可以講清楚的應儘量講清楚的現代學術立場，給予進一步地揭露。而《金丹大旨論》在陸西星的著作中，是最足以將丹道和易道之關係，與及丹家的象徵和隱喻之語言風格給呈現出來的一部精練之著，本論就順此文獻，在細部詮解的過程中，一一涉及陸西星的丹道和易道之內涵。

This article discusses the ideas of Lu Xixing who was the chief of the Eastren School in the Ming dynasty. It explores the relationship between the inner alchemy (neidan) and I-Ching. The inner alchemy is not only a skill about the body and spiritual practice but also a metaphysical perspective on the world. The expressions of the inner alchemy contain various styles such as spiritual language, body language, practice language, energy (chi) language, and ontology language. In my opinion, the superficial differences between so many kinds of languages can be melted into a harmony system. In order to focus upon this subject, this article selects a special text from Lu Xixing's writings, entitled 'The summary points of inner alchemy.' The text has two special features. One concerns the material contents contained in the complicated relationship between the inner alchemy and the Book of Changes. The other concerns the language formula expressed with a symbol and metaphor style.