明末西方《範疇論》重要語詞的傳入與翻譯：從利瑪竇《天主實義》到《名理探》

The Transmission and Translation of Important Terms of Wes tern Categories in Late Ming: From Ricci's The True Meaning of the Lord to Ming Li Tan

明末耶穌會士來華傳教而輸入西學，其中包括1631年出版的《名理探》，這是一本有關西方《範疇論》的專作，譯自葡萄牙科因布拉大學（Coimbra University）出版的邏輯教科書《亞里斯多德辯證法評釋》。本文旨在從跨越中西文化的觀點，探究與此書有關的西方範疇論重要語詞的傳入與翻譯。筆者發現：回到明末時期，朱熹理學與耶穌會士接受的基督教義化下亞里斯多德世界觀，在「理」問題的遭遇下，利瑪竇（Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610）成為西方範疇論傳入與翻譯的先驅者。在《天主實義》（1603）中，他開啟廣義與狹義的面向來傳入與翻譯《範疇論》的重要語詞。在廣義方面，利瑪竇以士林哲學來界定「格物窮理」，使西學得以藉「格物窮理」之名傳入。經過艾儒略（Giulio Aleni, 1582 1649）《西學凡》（1623）中將西學納入「格物窮理」的範圈，其中一支是邏輯。接著，傅汎際（François Furtado,1587- 1653）與李之藻合譯的《名理探》，將原著基於訓練耶穌會士的脈絡，轉換到「格物窮理」的脈絡中。在狹義方面，為了批判朱熹理學中所稱的理或太極不得為天地與萬物之始，利瑪竇將理或太極歸為偶性的依賴者，並採用一些與中國典籍有關的語詞，來翻譯亞里斯多德十個範疇。在此基礎上，艾儒略《西學凡》與傅汎際《名理探》進一步修正西方範疇論有關的重要語詞。

In late Ming, while Jesuits came to propagate Christianity in China, they also transmitted western learning, including Ming Li Tan(名理探), a work concerning Aristotelian Categories published in 1631. This paper aims at investigating the transmission and translation of important terms of western categories related to the Ming Li Tan from a cross-cultural viewpoint. The author finds that in late Ming, when Jesuit Christianized Aristotelian worldview encountered Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Matteo Ricci opened two aspects of the transmission of western categories in The True Meaning of the Lord(天主實義). In the broad aspect, he redefined 'gewu Qiongli' (the investigation of things and fathoming of principles) in terms of scholastic philosophy, and transmitted western learning in the name of 'gewu qiongli.' In the Xixue Fan(西學凡A General Account of the Western Learning), Giulio Aleni included most of western learning in the domain of 'gewu qiongli'' including logic. Ming Li Tan is also translated in this context for the purpose of reasoning the existence of the first cause, i.e., the Creator. In the narrow aspect, in order to criticize 'li' or 'the Supreme Ultimate' which cannot be regarded as the origin of Heaven, Earth and myriad things, Ricci introduced the Aristotelian ten categories and translated them by means of Chinese classic terms. He is the pioneer of connecting Chinese classics with western logic. Later, on the basis founded by Ricci, Aleni, Furtado and Li Zhi-zhao made their own modifications of important terms of western categories.