賽契特印地安部族──加拿大原住民族一項新型態自治模式初探

Sechelt Indian Band:Preliminary Study of a New Self-government Model of Canadian Indigenous Peoples

1982 年憲法修正案第卅五條的立法完成，代表加拿大政治發展與司法論證長期以來的困窘，終於獲致原住民族權利肯認的里程碑。1984 年，賽契特印地安部族完成加拿大第一個通過部族憲法的原住民族，並且完成『賽契特印地安部族自治法』的特殊立法做為該部族實踐民族自決的方式，脫離印地安法有關部族保留土地之保障地位。從一方面而言，憲法第卅五條提供原住民族後續進行固有權力與協商原住民族自治策略的堅實憲法基石。另一方面，該項憲法條款提供了原住民族對抗省級立法權力介入的憲法保障。基於比較我國自治法草案內容之目的，本文意在初探加拿大原住民族自治在賽契特印地安部族的實現模式，以及據此所建立的新興政府治理架構，特別的關注在於聯邦政府、自治政府與省政府三者間之權力、責任與義務的重新分配。

Section 35 of the 1982 Constitution Act signified a breakthrough of thelong-standing dilemma from Canadian political developments and judicialentanglement on aboriginal rights, and represented a milestone of theaboriginal rights’ recognition. In 1984 Sechelt Indian Band enacted the firstIndian Band Constitution in Canada, and had developed its ownself-government Act to withdraw the lands of the reserve from the IndianAct.
On the one hand, Section 35 established a solid constitutionalcornerstone for aboriginal continuing negotiations with Canadiangovernment on aboriginal inherent powers and self-government. On theother hand, section 35 provided for a right of pre-emption for aboriginalpeoples to against provincial interventions. For a purpose of comparativestudies with Taiwan’s draft law on indigenous self-government, this paperaims at the presentation of process which leads to Sechelt Indian Bandself-government, and the structure of the new government, especially in lightof the powers, responsibilities, and duties that were redistributed among theFederal, Provincial and Band governments.