日籍學習者對於漢語趨向事件表述之認知

Japanese Learners’ Conception of Chinese Directional Motion Event Expressions

由於漢語與日語分屬不同類型的語言 (cf. Chen and Guo 2009; Slobin 2004; Tai 2003; Talmy 1985， 2000)，本研究欲探討日籍學習者因母語遷移 而產生的學習認知難點，及因為漢、日語趨向事件結構表述不同所造成的 認知差異。我們以漢語常用兩大類句型作為本實驗材料 (Chen and Guo 2009)，透過線上問卷進行圖片與語句對應自然度的判斷調查，共二十二 名漢語母語者及十五名日籍學習者參與。研究結果如下：(1) 日籍學習者 與漢語母語者幾乎在所有句型皆有組間差異且具有顯著性 (p < .001)；(2) 其中，在合法句式中的兩大類型分析，日籍組平均為3.35，漢語母語為4.21， p < .001，亦達顯著差異；(3) 相較於「無方式」及「非默認方式」動詞， 雖然日籍學習者與漢語母語者皆對「默認方式」的接受度較低，然而前者 的低接受傾向更為明顯。這很可能是因日語為動詞語言，其使用者在非必 要時一般不使用方式動詞之故（Slobin 1997；杉村博文 2000）。

Despite the typological differences proposed by Talmy (1985， 2000， cf. Tai 2003; Slobin 2004; Chen and Guo 2009)， this study aims to investigate the difficulty that Japanese learners of Mandarin have in learning to conceptualize Chinese motion event expressions in comparison with Chinese native speakers (NSs). Fifteen Japanese intermediate-high learners of Chinese and twenty-two Mandarin NSs in total participated in this study. Subjects were asked to determine to what degree the sentences (presenting motion events， cf. Chen and Guo 2009) were natural in accordance with respective pictures. The results show that (1) there were significant differences between the Japanese group and the Mandarin group in almost all kinds of patterns (p < .001) ; (2) in grammatical patterns， the average points given by learners were 3.35; and that by native speakers were 4.21， and there was significant statistical difference (p < .001) between the two; (3) the Mandarin and Japanese groups both gave lower points to sentences containing verbs with “default” manner， in comparison with those presenting “no manner” or “non-default manner” expressions. The results of this study confirm the views of Slobin (1997) and Sugimura (2000) that verb-framed language (Japanese) users tend to not use manner-of-motion verbs when the action is default and is naturally presupposed.