高能硝化物質不相容反應危害分析

Incompatible Reaction Hazard Analysis of High Energetic Nitrate Materials

高能硝化物質，如高能炸藥 RDX，其個別物質及與其它混合物的反應行為已經有許多文獻研究過，但是意外事故及勞工操作問題仍然存在於實際製造過程中，本次研究利用本質安全概念以及熱分析 DSC 儀器，評估高能炸藥於使用、處理、儲存、運輸及製造過程中的不相容反應危害，評估項目包含反應熱譜圖的觀察以及反應動力學的計算，並推衍 RDX 不相容分解機制，本次研究所使用的不相容物質，氯化亞鐵、氯化鐵及硝酸，改變 RDX 主要吸熱或放熱反應型態，同時將其反應溫度分別平均提前 53℃、46℃及 61℃，最終研究結果顯示，氧化鐵、氯化亞鐵、氯化鐵、丙酮溶液以及硝酸，影響 RDX 的反應及熱、動力性質，即可能導致溫度控制不穩定、加熱及冷卻系統失效與產生第二次爆炸現象的潛在危害。硝化物質的危害通常都是因為對於物質本身反應特性的不瞭解，或是硝化產物其高敏感性所引起的潛在危害，本次研究結果期能帶給使用硝化物質業者及操作勞工相關安全概念，以高能硝化物 RDX 為例，進行其反應熱、動力學參數的探討，分析硝化物質反應反應本性與不相容物的危害，避免 RDX 於使用與製造上的非預期反應危害。

Many investigations and research activities have focused on the reaction capability of highexplosive RDX and RDX with other mixtures. However, accidents still occur and operating problems still exist in the RDX manufacturing processes. This study the concept of intrinsic safety and DSC thermal analysis to assess the incompatible reaction hazards of RDX during use, handling, storage, transport and manufacturing. The assessment includes thermal curve observations and kinetic evaluations. An incompatible decomposition mechanism is proposed. All contaminants evaluated in this study shifted the main endothermic and exothermic RDX reactions with ferrous chloride tertrahydrate, ferric chloride hexahydrate and nitric acid. These contaminants further advanced the exothermic temperature onset on average by about 53 ℃ , 46 ℃ and 61 ℃ , respectively. The summarized results suggest that ferric oxide, ferrous chloride tertrahydrate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, acetone solution and nitric acid could influence the reaction and thermokinetic properties of RDX. These chemicals could induce potential hazards by causing temperature control instability and heating and cooling system failure, producing an unexpected secondary explosion. According to the conclusions of this study, it is possible to avoid potential incompatible RDX hazards during use and manufacturing.