自燃物質火災爆炸災害鑑定研究

Identification of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Spontaneously Combustible Materials

自燃可分成與水和氧氣作用兩種類型，而由近 5 年國內自燃案例與分析後可知，國內自燃事故最主要是發生於製造業，且是由普通可燃物和引火性液體／可燃性氣體所造成火災與化學爆炸為主，災害發生原因為不安全的儲存／工作環境。實驗選定兩種不同類型之自燃物質，鋁粉及油布，來進行測試；由鋁粉與不同 pH 水溶液中的 DSC 熱分析測試可知，鋁粉受潮自燃的危害性會隨 pH 越小（酸）及越大（鹼）時會更易產生作用，且鹼效應大於酸效應；由油布的 DSC 及 C80 熱分析測試可知，油布氧化自燃的危害性為 10W-40 機油 + 尼龍布 > 亞麻仁油 + 棉布 > 亞麻仁油 + 尼龍布 >10W-40 機油 + 棉布。並收集國內外相關安全規範後建立「自燃物質安全檢核表」與「自燃物質安全重點檢核表」與進行問卷調查來提供安全檢查上的幫助。最後根據研究結果提出自燃物質──鋁粉及油布的災害防止對策與相關建議事項。

Spontaneous combustion (SC) can result from the interaction of moisture and/or oxygen with spontaneously combustible materials (SCMs). In the past 5 years, the manufacturing industry was the major sector in Taiwan experiencing fire and explosion incidents involving SC. The most significant SC accidents were fire and chemical explosion induced by normal combustible materials and ignitable liquids and combustible gases. The main cause of these disasters was unsafe storage and/or working environment. The exothermic behavior of both 18 nm aluminum powder in aqueous solutions of various pH values and in different oilcloths was investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) or C80 calorimeter. The experimental results revealed that a stronger acidity and basicity yielded a lower onset temperature for the aluminum powder. The harmfulness of oilcloth is in the order of 10W-40 engine oil and nylon > linseed oil and cotton > linseed oil and nylon > 10W-40 engine oil and cotton. Through analysis of relevant safety regulations, both a checklist and a critical-item checklist for SCMs were established. The feasibility of the two checklists was studied through a questionnaire survey, and an accident prevention policy for operations involving SCMs was recommended.