走下神壇的“意思”－－論意思表示與風險歸責

Will' Going Down from the Altar Declaration of Intention and Imputation under the Principle of Risk

意思表示制度處理的是表示人在何種條件下對外在表示負責的問題（歸責問題）。支配意思表示制度的基本歸責原則是風險原則。表示人的內心意思並非意思表示的構成要件，無論欠缺效果意思、表示意思還是行為意思，都不必然導致意思表示不生效力。意思表示的構成要件是外部表示加表示人按照風險原則認定的可歸責性。表示人的內心意思不應是意思表示的效力來源。

The key problem that the institution of declaration of intention deals with is when the external declaration shall be imputable to the declaring party. The imputation principle dominating the institution of declaration of intention is the principle of risk. The internal will of the declaring party is not a constitutional element of a declaration of intention. Neither lack of the will of acting, will of declaration, nor the will of legal effect will necessarily result in the invalidity of a declaration of intention. The constitutional elements of a declaration of intention shall be the external declaration plus the imputability of the declaring party. The internal will of the declaring party shall not be the ground for the validity of declaration of intention (promise).