薩德，200年後：惡的實踐理性批判

Sade, 200 Years After: Critique of the Practical Reason of Evil

薩德書寫的不可化約核心並不是色情而是觀念，不是欲望而是真理，不是故事而是實踐，本文討論薩德如何由經驗描敘到先驗觀念，由色情到色情學，或由虛構到真理。主要的問題是：薩德透過書寫在語言平面上所從事的思想事業究竟是什麼？薩德的作品中總是有一個必須而且僅能由實踐證成的「惡的實踐理性」，強勢的界限經驗與遽烈的辯證翻轉形構了此實踐的最主要特徵。薩德書寫的賭注並不是浪蕩，不管其小說如何充滿著淫穢、犯罪或瀆神，其最終要迫顯的仍是作為觀念的惡。正是在此有書寫的一切困難，以及由此困難所激生的各種語言的雄辯與思想的拗折。他的每一個故事都述說著某一變態者的特異存有，但這些存有在彰顯其差異的同時也都共鳴著「單一與相同意義」，這便是薩德作品裡的「惡的單義性」。

The irreducible goal of Sade’s work does not concern erotism but the Idea, not desire but truth, not history but practice. This paper focuses on the passage from the empirical description to the transcendental Idea, from pornography to “pornology,” or from fiction to truth. The central problem is: what is the enterprise of thought that Sade attempts to build through his writings? In Sade, the “practical reason of evil” is characterized by the experience of limit and the dialectical transformation. The stake of his writings, however, do not pertain to debauchery, crimes, profanation and so forth; the most essential for Sade is the idea of evil—the idea from which all difficulties are derived, and through which the extraordinary movements of Sade’s philosophy emerge. Sade’s tales reveal the singular existence of the pervert, but each resonates with the “one and only sense” while representing its own differences, thus suggesting the univocity of evil in his work.