提倡性別正義之法：定位蘇珊˙歐肯之貢獻

Methods for Advocating Gender Justice: Situating Susan Okin's Contribution

當代政治哲學家蘇珊．歐肯（Susan Moller Okin）呈現自由主義進路的性別正義理論，她的分析涵蓋類如因性別所造成的男女前景差異，婚姻家庭中養兒育女的生活，應該怎樣安排才符合分配正義的要求。本文一方面提出如何理解歐肯性別正義觀及其重要性之說明，另一方面則指出其理論限制並討論其它可能。闡述主旨如下。歐肯理論為開展「性別如何得以正義」的論述理路奠基，其性別正義的要求，能夠避免實踐性別時的盲點與誤用，進而促使公民互以公平對待。公民互以公平相待，更將兌現正義的要求。然而我們若以哈斯蘭兒（Sally Haslanger）的區分架構來思考歐肯主張的性別存有觀，亦即解消論（eliminativism），將會發現，此論僅得作為回答「性別如何得以正義」提問的立場之一。另有建構論（constructivism）與自然論（naturalism）等立場，可作為有效的性別正義觀基礎。因而正義社會裡自由又平等的成員，並非一定為歐肯所倡議的無性別（genderless）者。

This article devotes itself to critically introduce Susan Moller Okin's account of gender justice. It first demonstrates the vintage point Okin exemplified in thinking about gender, that is, gender is focused through the lens of justice. Okin's account provides a basis for theorizing in respond to the question 'how gender can be just.' Okin's arguments demand gender justice, which would awaken us avoid wrongs from gender practices and enhance fair treatments among citizens. Second, it concludes that in order to answer the question 'how gender can be just', the ontological account of gender in Okin's gender justice, eliminativism, remains one as valid as the others, constructivism and naturalism. Members in a just society, when free and equal, are not necessarily genderless, as Okin suggested.