摩根索的國際關係規範論述及其道德觀爭論

Hans Morgenthau's Normative Discourses and the Controversies over His Moral Views

近年來國際關係的規範理論開始復興，現實主義學派內部也出現了恢復現實主義倫理維度的呼聲。本文以影響美國當代國際關係至為巨大的理論家摩根索為研究的對象，對其規範論述加以梳理，辨認他的思想淵源，並稍做詮釋。摩根索的思想淵源涵蓋範圍十分廣，已有眾多學者予以論述。本文只挑選其中對摩根索思想影響最大的兩位思想家──亞里斯多德與韋伯，探討他們的思想如何反映在摩根索的規範論述中。此一研究的目的在於展示，現實主義並非只能與追求價值中立的科學主義相結合；相反地，它的規範立場其實有深厚的歷史淵源，其思想深度也不容批評者低估。吾人如欲客觀地評價現實主義的規範立場，仍需對歷史上的大思想家的規範思想做出回應。

Normative theories in International Relations (IR) have long been marginalized after WWII. In recent years, however, the enterprise is now undergoing a revival. Various schools of thought in IR have begun to explore the normative dimensions of their respective approaches. Under this new current there also emerges within the camp of realism the call for reexamining the moral implications as well as the normative discourses of realism. Echoing with this call, this paper addresses Hans Morgenthau's normative discourses first by identifying their origins in the long lineage of realism. But since his thought is derived from various different origins, such as Aristotle, St. Augustine, Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, to name just a few, it requires further interpretations to clarify his ＂real meaning＂. Obviously, it is impossible to decipher with precision the thought of a giant which covers such a broad range of origins. Therefore, the author opts for selecting two thinkers who impact most strongly on Morgenthau's normative thinking, namely Aristotle and Weber, and showing how Morgenthau's normative discourses reflect their influences. The purpose of this study is to show that realism should not be bound by scientism, which is value-free; instead, it can be normatively laden, with its normative stance derived from a long lineage that simply cannot be undervalued. If we are to evaluate the normative stance of realism without prejudice, we will have to take on the thoughts of the giants from this lineage seriously.