美國公民訴訟主體資格認定規則及啟示－－以“地球之友訴萊德勞公司”等三案為例

Standing to Sue in Citizen Suits: the Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Case

美國公民訴訟大致可以分為公民環境民事訴訟、公民環境行政訴訟和以自然物為共同主體的環境公民訴訟三類，其主體資格認定基本遵循了以“事實上的損害”為依據的原則，同時將公民環境權作為基本權利規定於憲法中，確立並保障了環境保護組織的訴訟地位。我國當前正在修訂的《環境保護法》採單一訴權模式，將公益訴訟之訴權賦予給環保組織。由於公民環境權並未在立法中具體化，同時對訴訟主體之資格認定也缺乏明確規定，實踐中面臨環境公益訴訟之基礎權利不足和司法機關對訴訟主體資格難以判斷的問題。司法實踐中立法機關和最高人民法院可盡快出台相應法律解釋，在借鑒美國經驗基礎上，打破傳統訴訟法對主體資格的禁錮，構建環保組織及其成員與公民分設訴權的二元模式。

The system of non-profit environmental suit of American are divided in three categories, which are environmental civil citizen suits, environmental administrative citizen suits and wildlife-plaintiff environmental citizen suits and summarized a bunch of rules and principles shared and specified in the suits. Compared with cases in China, the writer figured out the facts and shortages in our remaining system and offered a proposal on the base of the fundamental reality of our country by selectively following American judging rules and principles. In the meantime, our country need to break the chains of traditional procedure theory, established the non-profit suit procedure and guarantee the rights to suit of environmental protection organization.