食品安全權及其法律構造

Right to Food Safety and Its Legal Structure

食品安全問題具有普遍性，越來越受到世界各國及相關國際組織的重視。但是，在既有的人權法和國際法文本中均找不到食品安全及食品安全權這樣的表述，食品安全權及其保障只在一些國際組織的擴大解釋文件及國際軟法中存在，其不具有法律約束力，這種狀況必須改變。在國內法層面，我國《憲法》中不存在保護民眾食品安全權的相關表述，《民法通則》、《侵權責任法》、《消費者權益保護法》等法律中的健康權表述也沒有明確提及這種健康權是否包括食品安全權。《食品安全法》雖已經存在並在繼續完善中，但是其中也沒有提出以保障食品安全權作為其立法宗旨。因為食品安全問題涉及民生、社會穩定，甚至國家安全，憲法和法律必須加以明確。未來有必要對《食品安全法》進行全面整修，以保障民眾的食品安全權為根本宗旨，整合食品安全相關領域的法律法規，從而有效威懾危害食品安全的行為，同時為食品安全權被侵害者提供更多更充分的私權保護及更為直接的法律救濟路徑。

Food safety problems are universal, thus it has arose the attention of more and more countries and regarding international organizations in the world. But up till now, we could not find such expression or terms as food safety or right to food safety in the existing texts in human right laws and international laws. Right to food safety and its safeguard are only appeared in the expanding interpretation documents made by international organizations and some international soft laws, however, they are of no legally binding, the situation of which must be changed. In domestic law level, the Constitution did not stipulate the clause of protecting the right to food safety and related statements, and the term of right to health expressed in the General Principles of Civil Law, Tort Liability Law, Consumer Rights and Interest Protection Law and other laws are all not explicitly stipulated that whether the right to health is including the right to food safety or not. Food Safety Law has already put into force and continued to be improved, but it did not put forward safeguarding the right to food safety as its legislative purpose. Food safety problems involve every individual’s livelihood and furthermore social stability and national security as well, therefore, the Constitution and the concerning laws shall make clear the status of food safety. It is necessary for a comprehensive renovation of the Food Safety Law in the future so as to ensure every individual’s right to food safety as its fundamental purpose, integrate related laws and regulations concerning food safety, and provide more and sufficient private right protection, thus any acts endangering food safety and those whose food safety rights being infringed may directly refer to relevant detailed laws and provisions for legal governance and remedies.